My authorities for the individual peoples which have been noticed are these: for the Bushmen, Burchell, _Travels_ (1822), and Thompson, _Travels_ (1827): for the Esquimaux, C. F. Hall, _Life with the Esquimaux_ (1864): for the Red Indians, H. Y. Hind, _The Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition_ (1860). All these books are cited in _Descriptive Sociology_. When the Aryans had made such progress as I have described they divided into two groups: one group contained the forefathers of the Europeans, the other the forefathers of the Hindus and Persians. Whether the separation arose through a migration of only the Europeans or of only the Asiatics or from migrations of both Europeans and Asiatics cannot be determined. It is certain however that after the division of the stocks took place the Europeans still remained together long enough to acquire in common the art of ploughing. The English word to _ear_, Anglo-Saxon _erian_, Gothic _erjan_, Old High German _eren_, Latin _arare_, Greek ἀρόειν, Irish _araim_ (I plough) are mere variations of a single word and show that when ploughing was introduced the European stocks were still in close neighbourhood with one another and all adopted dialectic varieties of the same sound to indicate the new method of breaking up the soil[5]. [5] It may be objected that the Goths from about 250 A.D. were living close to the Greeks, and the Old Germans from about 50 B.C. had the Romans as their neighbours, and possibly learned the art of ploughing from these neighbours and borrowed a name for it. It seems enough, however, to answer that if the Goths had taken a word from ἀρόειν they would have chosen something more like the pattern word than _erjan_: in like manner if the Germans had borrowed from _arare_ they would hardly have formed _eren_. The region in which the forefathers of the Europeans lived together cannot be precisely ascertained: the hypothesis that it was in central Europe seems to fit in best with the geographical distribution of their descendants and the relationships between their languages. The invention of the art of ploughing opened new possibilities for the European peoples: for an agricultural people has far better chances than a people of herdsmen of accumulating wealth and making progress in the useful arts. But not all of them cared to make use of the new art and to become tillers of the soil. Those who took their homes amid the forests of central Europe still continued the life of hunters and herdsmen which had once been common to all the Aryans. Others devoted themselves to agricultural pursuits with delight and success: and among them were those who settled in the peninsulas of Greece and Italy, where, favoured by many circumstances, they made comparatively rapid progress in arts, knowledge and political development. CHAPTER II. A CLASSIFICATION OF EUROPEAN POLITICAL BODIES.