The Political Institutions of the Ancient GreeksHammond, Basil Edward
History
The Political Institutions of the Ancient Greeks
Hammond, Basil Edward
Greece -- Politics and government; Political science
The proposals bore a specious aspect of moderation, and seemed to
promise that the new constitution should be something like the old
constitution of Cleisthenes. The assembly gave its assent to these
proposals: but, as soon as that assent had been given, it found
that further and more radical changes awaited it. A motion was made
and carried that a second committee of a hundred citizens should be
appointed to give more precise shape to the new constitution. The
report of this second committee, an elaborate document, disclosed the
real intentions of Pisander and his party. It set forth a complicated
scheme of government which was to come into force at some future
time: but it also did what was more important by proposing that for
the present a council of Four Hundred should be elected, that the
Four Hundred should appoint ten generals and a secretary to the
generals, and that the eleven men thus appointed should have power to
do everything except alter the laws[211]. The proposals were ratified
by the assembly; the council of Four Hundred, being elected during
the reign of terror which had been established, was no doubt entirely
filled with the adherents of Pisander, and the ten generals and their
secretary no doubt included Pisander himself and his most ardent
partisans. No steps were taken to call the assembly of Five Thousand
into existence, and thus all political rights had been taken away from
the mass of the citizens, and unrestrained power was conferred upon
Pisander and his fellow-conspirators[212].
[211] Aristotle, _Constitution of Athens_, 31.
[212] Aristotle, _Constitution of Athens_, 31, 32.
The proceedings of the oligarchy which had thus been founded are not
narrated in detail by our authorities: but we are told that the new
rulers governed violently, and made many changes in the administration:
that they "put to death some few men who seemed convenient to be got
rid of, imprisoned others, and removed others from Attica[213]," that
they fell to quarrelling with one another[214], and that at last they
were suspected of a design to introduce a garrison of Spartans into the
Piræus, the port of Athens. As soon as this suspicion gained credence
the days of the oligarchy were numbered. A battalion of Athenian
hoplites, employed by Pisander to build a fortress at the mouth of the
Piræus for the reception of a Lacedæmonian garrison, rose in mutiny
against their officers, held a meeting in Munychia, which adjoins the
Piræus, to decide on their course of action, and after due deliberation
marched into Athens and piled arms at the foot of the Acropolis. Many
specious offers of ineffectual reforms were made to them by envoys
from the Four Hundred: but they insisted on the one thing which the
oligarchy most dreaded, a free assembly of the citizens to be held
within the city. The citizens met in assembly at the Pnyx, and their
first resolution declared that the power of the Four Hundred was at an
end[215].
[213] Thucydides VIII. 70.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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