Foundation of a Literature of Reconstruction, Serial and Scholastic--The _Civiltá Cattolica_: its Views on Education and on Church and State--Tarquini's Political Principles of Pope and King--Measures Preparatory to the Syllabus. With the year 1850 was commenced a magazine, at the instance of the Jesuits, and under their direction, bearing the title Catholic Civilization (_Civiltá Cattolica_), in opposition to modern civilization. We may here say that the daily organ of the same complexion bears the title of Catholic Unity (_Unitá Cattolica_), in opposition to Italian unity. Above one hundred volumes of the _Civiltá_ have been published; and it must ever be named in connexion with Pius IX as the intimate organ of his policy, and the most complete store of his published records. Perhaps its place in the history of literature is unique. Considering the number of books, serials, and journals, in different languages, of which it is the inspiring force, and considering the modifications it has already succeeded in bringing about in the ideas and even in the organization of the whole Catholic society, they can scarcely be charged with vain boasting who call it the most influential organ in the world. The Jesuit Fathers forming its editorial staff reside close to the Pope's palace, and work under his immediate direction. Dr. Friedrich, during the Vatican Council, told some bishops that if they would understand the Council, they must study it with the _Civiltá_ in their hands. For our part, before reading that remark we had applied the same principle to the entire movement. The leading idea of the _Civiltá_ is expressed, says the article on the programme, in its title. _Catholic Civilization_ is flag, device, and profession of faith.[10] The substance is civilization, the quality Catholic. Civilization is not polish, but organization in community, under rule. Civilization, after the Catholic ideal, had continued steadily to grow up to the fifteenth century, but was broken in the sixteenth by Lutheranism; was again enfeebled in the seventeenth by Jansenism; yet again was it undermined in the eighteenth by Voltairianism, and now in the nineteenth it is lacerated by Socialism. The evil has actually entered Italy, and even heterodoxy itself threatens to invade the Peninsula. Heresy is, in fact, likely to become connected with that aspiration after national unity by which the people are misled. _Almost everything having been overhauled in heterodox spirit, almost everything must be reconstituted from the foundation._[11] These words express the mission of the new periodical, and of the restored Papacy. They are the original announcement of a policy ever since pursued without flagging.