Pope Innocent III., the Father of City Hospitals. Santo Spirito at Rome. Virchow on the effect of this in Germany. French hospitals and the Hotel Dieu. English hospitals. The five royal hospitals. Virchow's tribute to Pope Innocent III. Hospital regulation. Care for the poor. Longings of patients. Religious nurses and modern nursing. Virchow's opinion. Contemporaries on hospital accomplishment. Magnificent hospital building. Models for all future time. A modern architects's opinion. Hospital decoration. Siena Hospital. Hospital abuses. Problem of malingerers. Leper hospitals. The eradication of leprosy. Lesson for our generation as to tuberculosis. Special hospitals for erysipelas. Benefit of segregation. The religious dress and its anticipation of aseptic needs. Hospitals ruined when taken from the Church and the religious. THE CHURCH AND THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD. 281 The doubting mood so important for science supposed to preclude faith. Most great scientists Catholics. Francis Bacon, the supposed Father of Inductive Science. Only the popularizer of the experimental method. Bacon and Copernicus. Gilbert of Colchester before Bacon. Friar Bacon on the experimental method. Peregrinus and the value of experiments. Bacon's four grounds of human ignorance. Bacon's great teacher, Albertus Magnus, and the experimental method. Christian tradition as to scientific inquiry as begun by Augustine. Albert's place in the history of inductive science. Interest of the Middle Ages in physical science. {xi} CHURCHMEN AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE IN THE MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES. 302 The Popes and the medieval universities. What the scholastic philosophers did for science. Scientific teaching at the early universities. "Foundations of knowledge for Galileo, Harvey, Newton and Darwin." (Allbutt.) Magnetics. Philosopher's stone and the transmutation of metals. Constitution of matter. Matter and form. Indestructibility of matter. Conservation of energy. Albertus Magnus on the antipodes. Humboldt's appreciation of Albert. Albert's scientific accomplishments. Astronomy, botany, geography and biological sciences. Roger Bacon and explosives; achievements in optics and astronomy. Aquinas and chemistry. The relations of these men to the Popes. Bacon's difficulties. Medieval accomplishments in applied science. Scientific applications in medieval cities (Kropotkin). Decadence in science after Middle Ages. The place of the reformation so-called. The first encyclopedia. Vincent of Beauvais and interest in his work. Thomas of Cantimprato and Bartholomaeus Anglicus. Craving for information in natural science. THE MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITY MAN AND SCIENCE. 340