Spanish Catholic America far outdistanced English Protestant America in the cultivation of science before our time. Professor Bourne, on science at the Spanish-American Universities, "Spanish-American science of the sixteenth century only reached in English America in the nineteenth." Dr. Chanca's letter. Priority in medical education. Bourne on Spanish-American anticipations. Reasons for decadence. APPENDIX IX. THE DANGER OF A LITTLE KNOWLEDGE. 500 Professor Draper's "History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science." The tradition of Church opposition to science founded on ignorance of the Middle Ages. The "Bright," not the "Dark" Ages. Draper's career. "History of the Intellectual Development of Europe." Acceptance of his writings as authoritative. Lack of scholarship. Medieval achievements. "Lazy monks." Wonderful work of the monks. Monasteries as agricultural colleges. The Arabs in science. Medieval prophylaxis. Magnificent hospitals. Halley's comet. The Popes of the beginning of the Renaissance: Nicholas V, Calixtus III, Pius II (AEneas Sylvius Piccolomini). Draper's summaries of history, caricatures. Contrast between Spanish and English America. Professor Bourne. Sir Sidney Lee. Professor Draper's philosophy of history. The Church and social conditions. Draper's surprising ignorance of the history of medicine. Objections to the Church in her relations to science always founded on lack of knowledge. {xv} LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Guy de Chauliac _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Guy de Chauliac's cauteries 182 Guy de Chauliac's cauteries 183 Guy de Chauliac's instruments 186 Guy de Chauliac's instruments 187 Hospital at Lübeck 252 Hospital at Tonnerre 268 Hospital, Mexico 272 Ferri's instruments _Page_ 447 Maggi's instruments _Page_ 448 Maggi's instruments _Page_ 449 Maggi's instruments _Page_ 450 Hospital, Mexico _Opp. Page_ 495 {1} INTRODUCTION.