K.C. St.G., M.D., Ph.D., LL.D. Litt.D. (Georgetown), Sc. D. (Notre Dame) PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY AT THE CATHEDRAL COLLEGE, NEW YORK; MEMBER OF THE GERMAN, FRENCH AND ITALIAN SOCIETIES OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE, THE ST. LOUIS HISTORY CLUB, NEW ORLEANS PARISH MEDICAL SOCIETY, NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, A.M.A., A.A.A.S., ETC. NOTRE DAME EDITION _ILLUSTRATED_ FIFTIETH THOUSAND NEW YORK FORDHAM UNIVERSITY PRESS 1915 Copyright, 1908 James J. Walsh First edition, 2,000 copies. Second edition, 45,000 copies, 1910. Third (English) edition, 2,000 copies, 1912. Fourth (Notre Dame) edition, 1915, enlarged and illustrated. To Professor ETTORE MARCHIAFAVA _Papal Physician_ The worthy living representative of the great series of Papal Physicians, the most distinguished list of names connected by any bond in the history of science. "Great additions have of late been made to our knowledge of the past; the long conspiracy against the revelation of truth has gradually given way, and competing historians all over the civilized world have been zealous to take advantage of the change. The printing of archives has kept pace with the admission of enquirers; and the total mass of new matter, which the last half-century has accumulated, amounts to many thousands of volumes. In view of changes and of gains such as these, it has become impossible for the historical writer of the present age to trust without reserve even to the most respected secondary authorities. The honest student finds himself continually deserted, retarded, misled by the classics of historical literature, and has to hew his own way through multitudinous transactions, periodicals and official publications in order to reach the truth. "Ultimate history cannot be obtained in this generation; but, so far as documentary evidence is at command, conventional history can be discarded, and the point can be shown that has been reached on the road from one to the other." (Preface of _Cambridge Modern History_.) {iii} PREFACE _A new edition of this volume being called for, I take the occasion to place it under the aegis of the University of Notre Dame as a slight token of gratitude for the formal recognition of the work by the faculty of that institution, and bind this Notre Dame edition in the University colors, blue and gold._