The golden age of anatomy as of letters and art in Italy. Not origin, but wonderful development. Great predecessors of Raphael and Michel Angelo, as of Vesalius and Columbus. Legitimate culmination of anatomical development. The pre-Vesalians, Mondino, Bertrucci, Chauliac, Achillini, Berengar and Benivieni. The English students, Linacre, Caius, Phreas. Italy the Mecca of anatomical investigators. Harvey and Steno. Graduate work in Italy then as in Germany now. Vesalius's career. The University of Louvain. Vesalius in Paris, in Italy. The Father of Modern Anatomy. Royal Physician to Charles V. Some historical misconstructions. What the Popes did for anatomy in the sixteenth century. THE SUPPOSED PAPAL PROHIBITION OF CHEMISTRY. 120 False impression prevalent just as in anatomy. Striking similarity of history-lie. American writers. The Papal decree. Its purpose. The gold-brick industry. Fines to be distributed to the poor. Pope John's bull, _Super Illius specula._ Appeal to historians of chemistry. Chemistry in later Middle Ages. Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Roger Bacon, Raymond Lully, Arnold of Villanova, the two Hollanduses, Basil Valentine, Paracelsus and his ecclesiastical teachers. Pope John XXII. a patron of science and of education A PAPAL PATRON OF EDUCATION AND OF SCIENCE. 138 Pope John XXII. distinguished for his administrative abilities, his learning and his abstemiousness. Avarice and the Papal revenues. Educational foundations from Papal revenues. Modern educators and this old-time patron of education. All great Popes subject of slander. The personality of Pope John XXII. Pres. White's astonishing declarations as to the bull _Super Illius specula._ Pope John XXII. "a kindly and rational scholar." His bull for the University {ix} of Perugia. Perugia and the history of culture. Standards in education. Seven years for the doctorate in medicine. Foundation of the University of Cahors. Modern requirements. Why the Pope favored education THE CHURCH AND SURGERY DURING THE MIDDLE AGES. 167