Botany; Geotropism; Plants -- Irritability and movements
(42.) A little square of thick letter-paper gummed to the apex of a
radicle, which after 9 h. was deflected from it. In 24 h. from time
when the paper was affixed the deflection much increased, and after 2
additional days it amounted to 50° from the perpendicular and from the
paper.
(43.) A narrow chip of a quill was fixed with shellac to the apex of a
radicle. After 9 h. no effect; after 24 h. moderate deflection, but now
the quill had ceased to touch the apex. Removed quill and gummed a
little square of card to apex, which after 8 h. caused slight
deflection. On the fourth day from the first attachment of any object,
the extreme tip was curved towards the card.
(44.) A rather long and narrow splinter of extremely thin glass, fixed
with shellac to apex, it caused in 9 h. slight deflection, which
disappeared in 24 h.; the splinter was then found not touching the
apex. It was twice refixed, with nearly similar results, that is, it
caused slight deflection, which soon disappeared. On the fourth day
from the time of first attachment the tip was bent towards the
splinter.
From these experiments it is clear that the apex of the radicle of the
bean is sensitive to contact, and that it causes the upper part to bend
away from the touching object. But before giving a summary of the
results, it will be convenient briefly to give a few other
observations. Bits of very thin glass and little squares
of common card were affixed with thick gum-water to the tips of the
radicles of seven beans, as a preliminary trial. Six of these were
plainly acted on, and in two cases the radicles became coiled up into
complete loops. One radicle was curved into a semi-circle in so short a
period as 6 h. 10 m. The seventh radicle which was not affected was
apparently sickly, as it became brown on the following day; so that it
formed no real exception. Some of these trials were made in the early
spring during cold weather in a sitting-room, and others in a
greenhouse, but the temperature was not recorded. These six striking
cases almost convinced us that the apex was sensitive, but of course we
determined to make many more trials. As we had noticed that the
radicles grew much more quickly when subjected to considerable heat,
and as we imagined that heat would increase their sensitiveness,
vessels with germinating beans suspended in damp air were placed on a
chimney-piece, where they were subjected during the greater part of the
day to a temperature of between 69° and 72° F.; some, however, were
placed in the hot-house where the temperature was rather higher. Above
two dozen beans were thus tried; and when a square of glass or card did
not act, it was removed, and a fresh one affixed, this being often done
thrice to the same radicle. Therefore between five and six dozen trials
were altogether made. But there was moderately distinct deflection from
the perpendicular and from the attached object in only one radicle out
of this large number of cases.
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