Botany; Geotropism; Plants -- Irritability and movements
In five other cases there was very
slight and doubtful deflection. We were astonished at this result, and
concluded that we had made some inexplicable mistake in the first six
experiments. But before finally relinquishing the subject, we resolved
to make one
other trial for it occurred to us that sensitiveness is easily affected
by external conditions, and that radicles growing naturally in the
earth in the early spring would not be subjected to a temperature
nearly so high as 70° F. We therefore allowed the radicles of 12 beans
to grow at a temperature of between 55° and 60° F. The result was that
in every one of these cases (included in the above-described
experiments) the radicle was deflected in the course of a few hours
from the attached object. All the above recorded successful trials, and
some others presently to be given, were made in a sitting-room at the
temperatures just specified. It therefore appears that a temperature of
about, or rather above, 70° F. destroys the sensitiveness of the
radicles, either directly, or indirectly through abnormally accelerated
growth; and this curious fact probably explains why Sachs, who
expressly states that his beans were kept at a high temperature, failed
to detect the sensitiveness of the apex of the radicle.
But other causes interfere with this sensibility. Eighteen radicles
were tried with little squares of sanded card, some affixed with
shellac and some with gum-water, during the few last days of 1878, and
few first days of the next year. They were kept in a room at the proper
temperature during the day, but were probably too cold at night, as
there was a hard frost at the time. The radicles looked healthy but
grew very slowly. The result was that only 6 out of the 18 were
deflected from the attached cards, and this only to a slight degree and
at a very slow rate. These radicles therefore presented a striking
contrast with the 44 above described. On March 6th and 7th, when the
temperature of the room varied between 53° and 59° F., eleven
germinating beans were tried in the
same manner, and now every one of the radicles became curved away from
the cards, though one was only slightly deflected. Some horticulturists
believe that certain kinds of seeds will not germinate properly in the
middle of the winter, although kept at a right temperature. If there
really is any proper period for the germination of the bean, the feeble
degree of sensibility of the above radicles may have resulted from the
trial having been made in the middle of the winter, and not simply from
the nights being too cold. Lastly, the radicles of four beans, which
from some innate cause germinated later than all the others of the same
lot, and which grew slowly though appearing healthy, were similarly
tried, and even after 24 h. they were hardly at all deflected from the
attached cards. We may therefore infer that any cause which renders the
growth of the radicles either slower or more rapid than the normal
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