Botany; Geotropism; Plants -- Irritability and movements
rate, lessens or annuls the sensibility of their tips to contact. It
deserves particular attention that when the attached objects failed to
act, there was no bending of any kind, excepting Sachs’ curvature. The
force of our evidence would have been greatly weakened if occasionally,
though rarely, the radicles had become curved in any direction
independently of the attached objects. In the foregoing numbered
paragraphs, however, it may be observed that the extreme tip sometimes
becomes, after a considerable interval of time, abruptly curved towards
the bit of card; but this is a totally distinct phenomenon, as will
presently be explained.
A Summary of the Results of the foregoing Experiments on the Radicles
of Vicia faba.—Altogether little squares (about 1/20th of an inch),
generally of sanded paper as stiff as thin card (between .15 and .20
mm. in thickness), sometimes of ordinary card, or little
fragments of very thin glass etc., were affixed at different times to
one side of the conical tips of 55 radicles. The 11 last-mentioned
cases, but not the preliminary ones, are here included. The squares,
etc., were most commonly affixed with shellac, but in 19 cases with
thick gum-water. When the latter was used, the squares were sometimes
found, as previously stated, to be separated from the apex by a layer
of thick fluid, so that there was no contact, and consequently no
bending of the radicle; and such few cases were not recorded. But in
every instance in which shellac was employed, unless the square fell
off very soon, the result was recorded. In several instances when the
squares became displaced, so as to stand parallel to the radicle, or
were separated by fluid from the apex, or soon fell off, fresh squares
were attached, and these cases (described under the numbered
paragraphs) are here included. Out of 55 radicles experimented on under
the proper temperature, 52 became bent, generally to a considerable
extent from the perpendicular, and away from the side to which the
object was attached. Of the three failures, one can be accounted for,
as the radicle became sickly on the following day; and a second was
observed only during 11 h. 30 m. As in several cases the terminal
growing part of the radicle continued for some time to bend from the
attached object, it formed itself into a hook, with the apex pointing
to the zenith, or even into a ring, and occasionally into a spire or
helix. It is remarkable that these latter cases occurred more
frequently when objects were attached with thick gum-water, which never
became dry, than when shellac was employed. The curvature was often
well-marked in from 7 h. to 11 h.; and in one instance a semicircle was
formed in 6 h. 10 m, from the time
of attachment. But in order to see the phenomenon as well displayed as
in the above described cases, it is indispensable that the bits of
card, etc., should be made to adhere closely to one side of the conical
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