Botany; Geotropism; Plants -- Irritability and movements
A moderately thick bristle (which on measurement was found rather
flattened, being 0.33 mm. in one diameter, and 0.20 mm. in the other)
was cut into lengths of about 1/20th of an inch. These after being
touched with thick gum-water, were placed on the tips of eleven
radicles. Three of them were affected; one being deflected in 8 h. 15
m. to an angle of about 90° from the perpendicular; a second to the
same amount when looked at after 9 h.; but after 24 h. from the time of
first attachment the deflection had decreased to only 19°; the third
was only slightly deflected after 9 h., and the bit of bristle was then
found not touching the apex; it was replaced, and after 15 additional
hours the deflection amounted to 26° from the perpendicular. The
remaining eight radicles were not at all acted on by the bits of
bristle, so that we here appear to have nearly reached the minimum
of size of an object which will act on the radicle of the bean. But it
is remarkable that when the bits of bristle did act, that they should
have acted so quickly and efficiently.
As the apex of a radicle in penetrating the ground must be pressed on
all sides, we wished to learn whether it could distinguish between
harder or more resisting, and softer substances. A square of the sanded
paper, almost as stiff as card, and a square of extremely thin paper
(too thin for writing on), of exactly the same size (about 1/20th of an
inch), were fixed with shellac on opposite sides of the apices of 12
suspended radicles. The sanded card was between 0.15 and 0.20 mm. (or
between 0.0059 and 0.0079 of an inch), and the thin paper only 0.045
mm. (or 0.00176 of an inch) in thickness. In 8 out of the 12 cases
there could be no doubt that the radicle was deflected from the side to
which the card-like paper was attached, and towards the opposite side,
bearing the very thin paper. This occurred in some instances in 9 h.,
but in others not until 24 h. had elapsed. Moreover, some of the four
failures can hardly be considered as really failures: thus, in one of
them, in which the radicle remained quite straight, the square of thin
paper was found, when both were removed from the apex, to have been so
thickly coated with shellac that it was almost as stiff as the card: in
the second case, the radicle was bent upwards into a semicircle, but
the deflection was not directly from the side bearing the card, and
this was explained by the two squares having become cemented laterally
together, forming a sort of stiff gable, from which the radicle was
deflected: in the third case, the square of card had been fixed by
mistake in front, and though there was deflection from it, this might
have been due to Sachs’ curvature:
in the fourth case alone no reason could be assigned why the radicle
had not been at all deflected. These experiments suffice to prove that
the apex of the radicle possesses the extraordinary power of
discriminating between thin card and very thin paper, and is deflected
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