Botany; Geotropism; Plants -- Irritability and movements
from the side pressed by the more resisting or harder substance.
Some trials were next made by irritating the tips without any object
being left in contact with them. Nine radicles, suspended over water,
had their tips rubbed, each six times with a needle, with sufficient
force to shake the whole bean; the temperature was favourable, viz.
about 63° F. In 7 out of these cases no effect whatever was produced;
in the eighth case the radicle became slightly deflected from, and in
the ninth case slightly deflected towards, the rubbed side; but these
two latter opposed curvatures were probably accidental, as radicles do
not always grow perfectly straight downwards. The tips of two other
radicles were rubbed in the same manner for 15 seconds with a little
round twig, two others for 30 seconds, and two others for 1 minute, but
without any effect being produced. We may therefore conclude from these
15 trials that the radicles are not sensitive to temporary contact, but
are acted on only by prolonged, though very slight, pressure.
We then tried the effects of cutting off a very thin slice parallel to
one of the sloping sides of the apex, as we thought that the wound
would cause prolonged irritation, which might induce bending towards
the opposite side, as in the case of an attached object. Two
preliminary trials were made: firstly, slices were cut from the
radicles of 6 beans suspended in damp air, with a pair of scissors,
which, though sharp, probably caused considerable crushing, and no
curvature followed. Secondly, thin slices were cut with a razor
obliquely off the tips of three radicles similarly suspended; and after
44 h. two were found plainly bent from the sliced surface; and the
third, the whole apex of which had been cut off obliquely by accident,
was curled upwards over the bean, but it was not clearly ascertained
whether the curvature had been at first directed from the cut surface.
These results led us to pursue the experiment, and 18 radicles, which
had grown vertically downwards in damp air, had one side of their
conical tips sliced off with a razor. The tips were allowed just to
enter the water in the jars, and they were exposed to a temperature
14°–16° C. (57°–61° F.). The observations were made at different times.
Three were examined 12 h. after being sliced, and were all slightly
curved from the cut surface; and the curvature increased considerably
after an additional 12 h. Eight were examined after 19 h.; four after
22 h. 30 m.; and three after 25 h. The final result was that out of the
18 radicles thus tried, 13 were plainly bent from the cut surface after
the above intervals of time; and one other became so after an
additional interval of 13 h. 30 m. So that only 4 out of the 18
radicles were not acted on. To these 18 cases the 3 previously
mentioned ones should be added. It may, therefore, be concluded that a
thin slice removed by a razor from one side of the conical apex of the
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