Botany; Geotropism; Plants -- Irritability and movements
The same remarkable experiment was next tried, as in the case of the
bean; namely, little squares of exactly the same size of the card-like
sanded paper and of very thin paper (the thicknesses of which have been
given under Vicia faba) were attached with shellac on opposite sides
(as accurately as could be done) of the tips of 13 radicles, suspended
in damp air, at a temperature of 65°–66° F. The result was striking,
for 9 out of these 13 radicles became plainly, and 1 very slightly,
curved from the thick paper towards the side bearing the thin paper. In
two of these cases the apex became completely hooked after two days; in
four cases the deflection from the perpendicular and from the side
bearing the thick paper, amounted in from two to four days to angles of
90°, 72°, 60°, and 49°, but in two other cases to only 18° and 15°. It
should, however, be stated that in the
case in which the deflection was 49°, the two squares had accidentally
come into contact on one side of the apex, and thus formed a lateral
gable; and the deflection was directed in part from this gable and in
part from the thick paper. In three cases alone the radicles were not
affected by the difference in thickness of the squares of paper
attached to their tips, and consequently did not bend away from the
side bearing the stiffer paper.
Zea mays: Sensitiveness of the apex of the Radicle to contact.—A large
number of trials were made on this plant, as it was the only
monocotyledon on which we experimented. An abstract of the results will
suffice. In the first place, 22 germinating seeds were pinned to
cork-lids without any object being attached to their radicles, some
being exposed to a temperature of 65°–66° F., and others to between 74°
and 79°; and none of them became curved, though some were a little
inclined to one side. A few were selected, which from having germinated
on sand were crooked, but when suspended in damp air the terminal part
grew straight downwards. This fact having been ascertained, little
squares of the card-like paper were affixed with shellac, on several
occasions, to the tips of 68 radicles. Of these the terminal growing
part of 39 became within 24 h. conspicuously curved away from the
attached squares and from the perpendicular; 13 out of the 39 forming
hooks with their points directed towards the zenith, and 8 forming
loops. Moreover, 7 other radicles out of the 68, were slightly and two
doubtfully deflected from the cards. There remain 20 which were not
affected; but 10 of these ought not to be counted; for one was
diseased, two had their tips quite surrounded by shellac, and the
squares on 7 had slipped so as to stand parallel to the apex, instead
of obliquely
on it. There were therefore only 10 out of the 68 which certainly were
not acted on. Some of the radicles which were experimented on were
young and short, most of them of moderate length, and two or three
exceeded three inches in length. The curvature in the above cases
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