Botany; Geotropism; Plants -- Irritability and movements
Considering the widely separated position in the vegetable series of
the several above-named genera, we may conclude that the tips of the
radicles of all, or almost all, plants are similarly sensitive, and
transmit an influence causing the upper part to bend. With respect to
the tips of the secondary radicles, those of Vicia faba, Pisum sativum,
and Zea mays were alone observed, and they were found similarly
sensitive.
In order that these movements should be properly displayed, it appears
necessary that the radicles should grow at their normal rate. If
subjected to a high temperature and made to grow rapidly, the tips seem
either to lose their sensitiveness, or the upper part to lose the power
of bending. So it appears to be if they grow very slowly from not being
vigorous, or from being kept at too low a temperature; also when they
are forced to germinate in the middle of the winter.
The curvature of the radicle sometimes occurs within from 6 to 8 hours
after the tip has been irritated, and almost always within 24 h.,
excepting in the case of the massive radicles of Æsculus. The curvature
often amounts to a rectangle,—that is, the terminal part bends upwards
until the tip, which is but little curved, projects almost
horizontally. Occasionally the tip, from the continued irritation of
the attached object, continues to bend up until it forms a hook with
the point directed towards the zenith, or a loop, or even a spire.
After a time the radicle apparently becomes accustomed to the
irritation, as occurs in the case of tendrils, for it again grows
downwards, although the bit of card or other object may remain attached
to the tip. It is evident that a small object attached to the free
point of a vertically suspended radicle can offer no mechanical
resistance to its growth as a whole, for the object is carried
downwards as the radicle elongates, or upwards as the radicle curves
upwards. Nor can the growth of the tip itself be mechanically checked
by an object attached to it by gum-water, which remains all the time
perfectly soft. The weight of the object, though quite insignificant,
is opposed to the upward curvature. We may therefore conclude that it
is the irritation due to contact which excites the movement. The
contact, however, must be prolonged, for the tips of 15 radicles were
rubbed for a short time, and this did not cause them to bend. Here then
we have a case of specialised sensibility, like that of the glands of
Drosera; for these are exquisitely sensitive to the slightest pressure
if prolonged, but not to two or three rough touches.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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