Botany; Geotropism; Plants -- Irritability and movements
Cotyledons.—On two occasions the movements of the cotyledons were
traced on a vertical glass, and as the ascending and descending lines
did not quite coincide, very narrow ellipses were formed; they
therefore circumnutated. Whilst young they rise vertically up at night,
but their tips always remain reflexed; on the following morning they
sink down again. With a seedling kept in complete darkness they moved
in the same manner, for they sank from 8.45 A.M. to 4.30 P.M.; they
then began to rise and remained close together until 10 P.M., when they
were last observed. At 7 A.M. on the following morning they were as
much expanded as at any hour on the previous day. The cotyledons of
another young seedling, exposed to the light, were fully open for the
first time on a certain day, but were found completely closed at 7 A.M.
on the following morning. They soon began to expand again, and
continued doing so till about 5 P.M.; they then began to rise, and by
10.30 P.M. stood vertically and were almost closed. At 7 A.M. on the
third morning they were nearly vertical, and again expanded during the
day; on the fourth morning they were not closed, yet they opened a
little in the course of the day and rose a little on the following
night. By this time a minute true leaf had become developed. Another
seedling, still older, bearing a well-developed leaf, had a sharp rigid
filament affixed to one of its cotyledons (85 mm. in length), which
recorded its own movements on a revolving drum with smoked paper. The
observations were made in the hot-house, where the plant had lived, so
that there was no change in temperature or light. The record commenced
at 11 A.M. on February 18th; and from this hour till 3 P.M. the
cotyledon fell; it then rose rapidly till 9 P.M., then very gradually
till 3 A.M. February 19th, after which hour it sank gradually till 4.30
P.M.; but the downward movement was interrupted by one slight rise or
oscillation about 1.30 P.M. After 4.30 P.M. (19th) the cotyledon rose
till 1 A.M. (in the night of February 20th) and then sank very
gradually till 9.30 A.M., when our observations ceased. The amount of
movement was greater on the 18th than on the 19th or on the morning of
the 20th.
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