“The temporal sword ought to “be employed by kings and warriors for the church, “according to the order or permission of the pope: “the temporal power is subject to the spiritual, which “institutes and judges it, but which can be judged “of God alone; to resist the spiritual power, is “to resist God, unless they admit the two principles “of the Manicheans.” An archdeacon, the bearer of these bulls, enjoined the king to acknowledge, that he held from the pope his temporal sovereignty. Finally, Bonifice excommunicated Philip: he ordered this monarch’s confessor to appear at Rome, to render an account of the conduct of his penitent; he destined the crown of France to this same emperor, Albert, before treated as a criminal, but who now acknowledged by a written document.: “that the “Apostolic See had transferred from the Greeks to “the Germans the Roman empire, in the person of “Charlemagne; that certain secular and ecclesiasti− “cal princes, hold from the pope the right of electing “the king of the Romans, the destined successor to “the empire; and that the pope grants to kings and “to emperors the power of the sword.” An euloguim is due to the victorious firmness of Philip, in opposition to these extravagancies: the commoners and the nobles of France supported him; the clergy, though already imbued with ultramontane maxims, was led away by the ascendancy of the two former orders. The prelates at all times adhered to the king with a reservation in favour of ‘the faith due to the pope’, and thirty-four of them proceeded to Rome in defiance of Philip. A letter of this prince to Boniface, VIII. commences with these words: “Philip, by the grace of God, “king of the French, to Boniface pretended pope, “little or no greeting. Let your very great Fatuity “take notice, &c.” These insulting expressions, but little worthy of him who employed them, would have very badly succeeded, addressed to any pope who had at all less merited them than Boniface; but his pretensions really bordered on delirium, and he was altogether destitute of the political address requisite for their success. Three men, in the course of the thirteenth century, have checked the menacing progress of the pontifical power. Boniface VIII. by disgracing it with his impotent excesses;²⁵³ Philip IV., in publishing this discreditable conduct with unpunished insults; but above all, Louis IX. whose resistance, edifying like his other good works, had assumed against the worldly pride of the popes, the character and authority of the religion of Jesus Christ.