This backward curve of the spinal column, instead of the forward curve as it should normally be at the waist, obliterates the brace or truss of the spinal column that is so essential in maintaining an erect posture of the shoulders. It allows the individual to “fall into his stomach,” to drop the shoulders, and as a consequence the chest cavity is depressed. The spine is one continuous backward bow, and when he does try to sit straight, and it is always with a constant effort, the normal, the physiological curves of the spine are not apparent. First, then, there is a spinal weakness in the region of the innervation to the digestive organs. Indigestion of various forms is a common accompaniment. Second, there is lessened lung and heart capacity. The ribs are depressed, interfering with perfect aeration and elimination on the part of the lungs and with normal activity and tone of the heart muscles. Phthisis is predisposed. Is it any wonder the child’s blood is impoverished and anemia results from the insufficient aeration and poor digestion and assimilation? Costogenic anemia may also be a result. And, third, the shoulders are “round” from the spinal weakness and flattened chest, really an effect; but while the most noticeable, it is the least serious. It is evident from careful observation and study of these cases that the treatment resolves itself into the treatment of a posterior spinal curvature. Shoulder braces, steel braces and jackets, and casts have very little place, if any, although there may be diseased bone of such character and severity that a cast will be necessary; this, however, would refer to treatment of Pott’s disease and similar conditions. Hence, the =treatment= is, first to replace and readjust the malaligned vertebræ. There must be an actual physical manipulation in order to correct the vertebræ at fault. This is the essential, and by far the primal, treatment for the key to the truss or brace that holds and retains the body in an erect position is then replaced. Second, raising the depressed ribs. Remember the depressed ribs are dependent upon the spinal condition. The thorax should be treated as a comprehensive whole, not the spinal column alone. Third, exercises are a valuable aid. The individual’s part is as necessary, in a way, as the physician’s, for in order to accomplish the maximum there should be consistent and appreciative work on the part of the patient. Holding the shoulders back, the head erect and the chin in, drawing the abdomen in and up, all with deep breathing by the use of the chest muscles, the patient will be able to retain the correction obtained during treatments. “Setting up” exercises are helpful. Developing the muscles of forced expiration is excellent. Thus the patient must be conscious of the work required of him and act in concert with the physician. Minute instruction on the requirements of each case is demanded.