_Simplification of rubrics_. One aim of the Revisers was simplicity of rules. As they sought Variety of worship without excess, so they desired Order of {33} worship without complexity of regulations. Anyone, looking casually over the Prayer Books of the Sarum and other Uses before 1549, will be struck at once by the redness of many of the pages. This redness indicates rubrics, and helps us to realise what is meant in the Prayer Book Preface (Concerning the Service of the Church, Section 2) by _the number and hardness of the rules called the Pie, and the manifold changings of the Service_[2]. In order to provide for the many occasions when a difference was to be made, rubrics had been multiplied and inserted at the places to which they applied. The Revisers (1) collected as many as possible at the beginning of each Service, or at the end; and (2) reduced the number of rubrics thus collected together, by reducing the number of variations which were to be provided for. Duplication of Phrases. It has often been noticed that pairs of words having nearly the same meaning frequently occur in the Prayer Book. This doubling of an idea may be called 'Duplication'. Duplication is of two kinds: either the words coupled together are so nearly identical in meaning that one is but a repetition of the other; or else the {34} second word shows an advance upon the first. The former kind may be called 'parallel duplication' and is used for emphasis: the latter kind may be called 'progressive duplication', because it is used to represent the living idea which advances even while it is being uttered. Instances of both abound in this part of the Service, as well as in the Collects and other prayers which we shall notice later on. Examples of Duplication. 1. _Exhortation_. Parallel. _goodness_ and _mercy_. _assemble_ and _meet together_. Progressive. ( _acknowledge_ . . . . . suggesting reluctance. ( _confess_ . . . . . . . " willingness. ( _sins_ . . . . . . . . . the outward act. ( _wickedness_ . . . . . . the inward fault. ( _dissemble_ . . . . . . pretend they are not there. ( _cloke_ . . . . . . . . cover them up. ( _requisite_ . . . . . . what we should like. ( _necessary_ . . . . . . what we must have. ( _pray_ . . . . . . . . . ask earnestly. ( _beseech_ . . . . . . . " more earnestly. ( humble, lowly ( attitude with regard ) Distrust ( ( to the past ) of Self. ( ( penitent ( attitude with regard ) Shame for ( ( to the present ) sin. ( ( obedient ( attitude with regard ) Resolution ( ( to the future ) to leave ( ) the sin. {35} 2. _Confession_. Parallel. _erred_ and _strayed_. Progressive.