There are many who almost confine their attention to polarized light and its beautiful effects. Such would not deem these efforts to aid the student in cutting sections complete without some notice of those which are taken from various crystals, in order to display that curious and beautiful phenomenon, _the rings with a cross_. The arrangement of these is somewhat changed by the crystal which affords the section; but nitrate of potash gives two sets of rings with a cross, the long line of which passes through both, the short line dividing it in the middle. The process of cutting these sections is rather difficult, but a little care and perseverance will conquer all this. The following is extracted from the _Encyclopædia Metropolitana_:--“Nitre crystallizes in long six-sided prisms whose section, perpendicular to their sides, is the regular hexagon. They are generally very much interrupted in their structure; but by turning over a considerable quantity of the ordinary saltpetre[F] of the shops specimens are readily found which have perfectly transparent portions of some extent. Selecting one of these, cut it with a knife into a plate _above_ a quarter of an inch thick, directly across the axis of the prism, and then grind it down on a broad wet file till it is reduced to about one quarter or a sixth of an inch thick, smooth the surface on a wet piece of emeried glass, and polish on a piece of silk strained very tight over a strip of plate-glass, and rubbed with a mixture of tallow and colcothar of vitriol. This operation requires practice. It cannot be effected unless the nitre be applied wet and rubbed till quite dry, increasing the rapidity of the friction as the moisture evaporates. It must be performed in gloves, as the vapour from the fingers, as well as the slightest breath, dims the polished surface effectually. With these precautions a perfect vitreous polish is easily obtained. We may here remark, that hardly any two salts can be polished by the same process. Thus, Rochelle-salt must be finished wet on the silk, and instantly transferred to soft bibulous linen and rapidly rubbed dry. Experience alone can teach these peculiarities, and it is necessary to resort to contrivances (sometimes very strange ones) for the purpose of obtaining good polished sections of soft crystals, especially of those easily soluble in water. “The nitre is thus polished on both its surfaces, which should be brought as near as possible to parallelism.” [F] Sometimes the saltpetre of the shops is nitrate of _soda_, and as this is slightly deliquescent, it is well to be certain that we have the nitrate of _potash_, which is free from this defect.