THE PRINCE BY NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY LUIGI RICCI HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE CAPETOWN BOMBAY CALCUTTA AND MADRAS 1909 PREFACE Of all Machiavelli's works _The Prince_ is undoubtedly the greatest; and a new English edition of it is likely to be welcome to all those who have not the advantage of reading it in the classical Italian original. For a true appreciation of Machiavelli, impossible in a brief Preface, I must refer the English reader to Macaulay's Essay on the Italian historian and statesman.[1] In it he will see how our Author's ideas and work were wrongfully and wilfully misinterpreted by the very men who, while profiting by his wisdom, have with great ingratitude criticised the statesman and defamed his name, as that of the inventor of the worst political system ever imagined. Yet, as his whole life was an indefatigable and unremitting endeavour to secure for his native Florence a good and popular government, and as he lost his great office of Secretary to the Florentine Republic on account of his avowed liberal opinions, it is not only unjust but ridiculous to accuse him of helping tyrants to enslave the people. What he did was to show in the most deliberate and in the plainest way the arts by which free peoples were made slaves; and, had his words of advice been always heeded, no tyrant in Italy or elsewhere could have been successful in his policy. That he was not listened to, and his advice scorned and spurned, was not Machiavelli's fault. Those who still share the opinion of his interested detractors should read his private correspondence with the leaders of liberal ideas in Italy--many of his letters being still left unpublished in the MS. Collection of Giuliano Ricci in the National Library, in the Riccardiana Library (No. 2467), in the Government Archives (Strozzi, Nos. 133 and 1028) of Florence, in the Barberini Library, and in the Collezione Gonnelli of the Palatine Library in Rome. LUIGI RICCI. 22 ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON, W. [1] "Machiavelli" by Thomas Babington Macaulay is available at Project Gutenberg in Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Essays; Vol. 1, ebook 55901. CONTENTS NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI TO LORENZO THE MAGNIFICENT 1. The various kinds of Government and the ways by which they are established. 2. Of Hereditary Monarchies. 3. Of Mixed Monarchies. 4. Why the Kingdom of Darius, occupied by Alexander, did not rebel against the successors of the latter after his death. 5. The way to govern Cities or Dominions that, previous to being occupied, lived under their own Laws. 6. Of New Dominions which have been acquired by one's own Arms and Powers. 7. Of New Dominions acquired by the Power of others or by Fortune. 8. Of those who have attained the position of Prince by villainy. 9. Of the Civic Principality. 10. How the strength of all States should be measured.