Pyrus malus (Common apple). Pyrus coronaria (American crab-apple). Pyrus communis (Common pear). Pyrus vulgaris (Common quince). Pyrus americana (Mountain ash). Pyrus sambucifolia (Mountain ash). Pyrus ancuparia (Rowan tree, European Mountain ash). The Toothache Trees, Xanthoxylum americana and Xanthoxylum clava-herculis (Linn.), are known as ash and prickly ash. The gopher wood, Cladrastis tinctoria, is yellow ash. These woods are not important. WHITE ASH. _Fraxinus americana Linn._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) White Ash (local and common name). Ash (Ark., Ia., Wis., Ill., Mo., Minn.). Cane Ash (Ala., Miss., La.). American Ash (Ia.). Locality. Nova Scotia to Florida, westward intermittently to Minnesota and Texas. Greatest development in the Ohio River basin. Features of Tree. Forty-five to ninety feet in height, occasionally higher. Three to four feet in diameter. Usually smooth leaves, have whitish under surfaces. Gray furrowed bark, long-winged seed. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood reddish brown, usually mottled; sapwood much lighter or nearly white. Coarse-grained, compact structure. Layers clearly marked by large open ducts. Medullary rays obscure. Structural Qualities of Wood. Heavy, hard, strong, elastic, becoming brittle with age, not durable in contact with soil. Representative Uses of Wood. Agricultural implements, carriages, handles, oars, interior and cheap cabinet-work. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 39 (U. S. Forestry Div.).[22] 40. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,640,000 (average of 87 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[22] 1,440,000. Modulus of Rupture. 10,800 (average of 87 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[22] 12,200. Remarks. Economically valuable. Rapid growers, preferring low, rather moist soil. Not apt to form in forests, but found mingled with other varieties. Large trees sometimes have large heart-cracks. [p030] FOOTNOTE [Footnote 22: See page 6.] RED ASH. _Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh._ _Fraxinus pubescens Lam._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Red Ash (local and common name). River Ash (R. I., Ont.). Brown Ash (Mo.). Black Ash (N. J.). Ash (Nebr.). Locality. New Brunswick to Florida, westward intermittently to Dakota and Alabama. Best developed in North Atlantic States. Features of Tree. A small tree, rarely over forty-five feet high, one and one-half feet in diameter. Downy-covered young twigs and leaves. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood rich brown, sapwood light brown streaked with yellow, coarse-grained compact structure. Structural Qualities of Wood. Heavy, hard, strong, brittle. Representative Uses of Wood. Agricultural implements, handles, boats, oars, paper-pulp. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 38. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,154,000. Modulus of Rupture. 12,300. Remarks.