Water Ash (Iowa). Locality. East of Rocky Mountains. Vermont and northern Florida intermittently to Utah and Arizona. Features of Tree. Forty to fifty feet in height, one to two feet in diameter. Bright green upper and lower surfaces of smooth leaves. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood brownish, sapwood lighter, rather coarse-grained, compact structure. Structural Qualities. Hard, heavy, strong, brittle. Representative Uses. Similar to those of White Ash. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 39 (U. S. Forestry Div.).[23] 44. Modulus of Elasticity. 2,050,000 (average of 10 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[23] 1,280,000. Modulus of Rupture. 11,600 (average of 10 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[23] 12,700. Remarks. Sometimes considered a variety of Red Ash. [p034] FOOTNOTE [Footnote 23: See page 6.] OREGON ASH. _Fraxinus Oregona Nutt._ Nomenclature. Oregon Ash (Calif., Wash., Oregon). Locality. Pacific coast, Washington to California. Best developed in bottom lands, southwestern Oregon. Features of Tree. Fifty to occasionally seventy-five feet in height, one to one and one-half feet in diameter. Dark grayish-brown, bark exfoliates in thin scales. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood brown, sap wood lighter, coarse-grained, compact structure, numerous thin medullary rays. Structural Qualities of Wood. Rather light, hard, not strong. Representative Uses of Wood. Manufacture of furniture, carriage-frames, cooperage, and fuel. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 35. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,200,000. Modulus of Rupture. 9400. Remarks. One of the valuable deciduous trees of the Pacific coast. Thrives only on moist soils and in moist climates. [p035] [Illustration: PLATE 7. ELM (_Ulmus americana_).] ELM. (_Ulmus_.) The different species of elm are distributed over the cold and temperate portions of the northern hemisphere, save western United States and Canada. A high degree of perfection is attained in eastern North America, where trees are greatly prized for their form and appearance.