Cork Elm (local and common name). Hickory Elm (Mo., Ill., Ind., Ia.). Rock Elm (R. I., W. Va., Ky., Mo., Ill., Wis., Ia., Mich., Nebr.). White Elm (Ont.). Cliff Elm (Wis.). Locality. Quebec and Vermont, westward intermittently to Nebraska and Tennessee. Best developed in southern Ontario and Michigan. Features of Tree. Seventy to ninety feet in height, two to three feet in diameter. Thick, corky, irregular projections give bark a shaggy appearance and mark the species. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light brown, often tinged with red; sapwood yellowish or greenish white. Compact structure, fibres interlaced. Structural Qualities of Wood. Heavy, hard, very strong, tough, difficult to split, susceptible of a beautiful polish, elastic. Representative Uses of Wood. Heavy agricultural implements, wheel-stocks, railway ties, sills, bridge-timbers, axe-helves, etc. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 45. Modulus of Elasticity. 2,550,000. Modulus of Rupture. 15,100. Remarks. Cork Elm is the best of the elm woods. [p038] SLIPPERY ELM, RED ELM. _Ulmus pubescens Walt._ _Ulmus fulva Michx._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Slippery Elm, Red Elm (local and common name). Rock Elm (Tenn.). Redwooded Elm (Tenn.). Moose Elm (occasional). Locality. Ontario and Florida, westward intermittently to Nebraska and Texas. Best developed in Western States. Features of Tree. Forty-five to sixty feet in height, one to two feet in diameter. Characteristic shape, mucilaginous inner bark. Buds hairy. Leaves, larger than American Elm, are rough when rubbed either way. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood dark brown or red, sapwood lighter, compact structure, annual layers marked by rows of large open ducts. Heartwood greatly preponderates. Structural Qualities of Wood. Heavy, hard, strong, and durable in contact with soil. Representative Uses of Wood. Largely used for fence-posts, rails, railway ties, sills, sleigh-runners, and wheel-stocks. Mucilaginous bark, employed in medicine. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 43. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,300,000. Modulus of Rupture. 12,300. Remarks. Mucilaginous inner bark renders this species unmistakable. This bark is used in medicine. [p039] WING ELM, WINGED ELM. _Ulmus alata Michx._ Nomenclature. Wing Elm, Winged Elm (local and common names). Wahoo, Whahoo (W. Va., N. C., S. C., La., Tex., Ky., Mo.). Cork Elm, Corky Elm (Fla., S.C., Tex.). Mountain Elm, Red Elm (Fla., Ark.). Elm, Witch Elm (W. Va.). Water Elm (Ala.). Small-leaved Elm (N. C.). Wahoo Elm (Mo.). Locality. Southern United States, Virginia and Florida westward intermittently to southern Illinois and Texas. Features of Tree. Forty feet or more in height, one to two feet in diameter. Corky "wings" on branches. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.