Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Alleghany Mountains to North Carolina. Best in Canada. Features of Tree. Forty to eighty feet in height, one to two feet in diameter. Conical shape with straight trunk. Dark foliage. Cones remain for several years, being thus distinct from white spruce. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood reddish, nearly white; sapwood lighter. Straight grain, compact structure. Structural Qualities of Wood. Light, soft, not strong, elastic, resonant. Representative Uses of Wood. Lumber, flooring, carpentry, ship-building, piles, posts, railway ties, paddles, oars, "sounding-boards," paper-pulp. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 28. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,560,000. Modulus of Rupture. 10,600. Remarks. A substitute for soft pine. Resin is used as a confection. [p151] FOOTNOTE It is often difficult to distinguish between black and white spruce trees. The foliage of the former is darker as a whole, and there are differences in shape and persistence of cones. The names double spruce and single spruce are without evident foundation. Woods exhibit similar qualities and are classed together by lumbermen. Red Spruce (_Picea rubens_) resembles, and is sometimes considered a variety of, black spruce. WHITE SPRUCE. _Picea alba Link._ _Picea canadensis Mill._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Single Spruce (Me., Vt., Minn.). Bog Spruce, Cat Spruce (N. Eng.). Skunk Spruce (Wis., New Eng.). Spruce, Double Spruce (Vt.). Pine (Hudson Bay). Locality. Northern United States, Canada to Labrador and Alaska. Features of Tree. Fifty to one hundred feet in height, one to two feet in diameter, occasionally larger. Compact, symmetrical, conical shape. Foliage lighter than black spruce. Cones fall sooner than those of black spruce. Whitish resin. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light yellow, sapwood similar. Straight-grained, numerous prominent medullary rays. Compact structure. Structural Qualities of Wood. Light, soft, not strong (similar to Black Spruce). Representative Uses of Wood. Lumber, flooring, carpentry, etc. (similar to Black Spruce). Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 25. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,450,000. Modulus of Rupture. 10,600. Remarks. Notable as resident of high latitudes. Chief tree of arctic forests. Wood, used similarly to black spruce, is substituted for white pine. [p152] WHITE SPRUCE. _Picea engelmanni Engelm._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) White Spruce (Ore., Col., Utah, Idaho). Balsam, Engelmann's Spruce (Utah). White Pine (Idaho), Mountain Spruce (Mont.). Locality. Rocky Mountain region, Montana to Mexico, Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia (high elevations). Features of Tree. Frequently seventy-five to one hundred feet in height and sometimes higher, two to three feet in diameter, sometimes low shrub. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.