Heartwood pale reddish yellow, sapwood similar. Close, straight grain, compact structure, conspicuous medullary rays. Structural Qualities of Wood. Light, soft, not strong. Representative Uses of Wood. Lumber, charcoal, fuel. Bark rich in tannin, sometimes used for tanning. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 21. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,140,000. Modulus of Rupture. 8100. Remarks. Notable as resident of high altitudes, extensive forests occurring at eight to ten thousand feet above sea-level. A valuable tree of the central and southern Rocky Mountain region. [p153] SITKA SPRUCE. _Picea sitchensis Trautv. and Mayer._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Sitka Spruce (local and common name). Tideland Spruce (Cal., Oreg., Wash.). Menzies Spruce. Western Spruce. Great Tideland Spruce. Locality. Pacific coast region, Alaska to central California. Extends inland about fifty miles; prefers low elevations. Features of Tree. One hundred and fifty feet or more in height, three feet or more in diameter. Flat-pointed pyramidal needles, oval cylindrical cones, thick scaly reddish-brown bark. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light reddish brown, sapwood nearly white. Coarse-grained, satiny. Structural Qualities of Wood. Light, soft, not strong. Representative Uses of Wood. Construction, interior finish, fencing, boat-building, cooperage. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 2626. Modulus of Elasticity. Modulus of Rupture. 10,400. Remarks. A giant among spruces. Forms an extensive coast-belt forest. [p154] DOUGLAS SPRUCE. (_Pseudotsuga_.) The Douglas or Red Pine, Spruce, or Fir, of the Pacific coast is neither true pine, spruce, nor fir, but a sort of bastard hemlock. The name "pseudotsuga" is from _pseudo_, or false, and _tsuga_, or hemlock. The trees are among the greatest known. The wood resembles larch or hard pine in properties, appearance, and applications. Trees have been successfully planted in the Adirondacks. The species was earlier classed as Pinus taxifolia and as Abies taxifolia. [p155] [Illustration: PLATE 30. DOUGLAS SPRUCE (_Pseudotsuga taxifolia_).] DOUGLAS SPRUCE, DOUGLAS FIR. _Pseudotsuga taxifolia Lam._ _Pseudotsuga Douglasii Carr._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Oregon Pine (Cal., Wash., Oreg.). Red Fir, Yellow Fir (Oreg., Wash., Idaho, Utah, Mont., Col.). Douglas Tree, Cork-barked Douglas Spruce. Spruce, Fir (Mont.). Red Pine (Utah, Idaho, Col.). Puget Sound Pine (Wash.). Locality. Pacific coast region, Mexico to British Columbia. Best in western Oregon and Washington. Features of Tree. One hundred and seventy-five to sometimes three hundred feet in height, three to five and sometimes ten feet in diameter. Older bark rough-gray, often looking as though braided. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light red to yellow, sapwood nearly white. Structural Qualities of Wood.