Scattered throughout Northern pineries. Cut when of sufficient size and sold with pine or spruce. Cultivated in gardens. Exudations known as Canada Balsam used in medicine. The poplar (P. balsamifera) is also called Balm of Gilead. [p158] GREAT SILVER FIR, WHITE FIR. _Abies grandis Lindl._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Silver Fir (Mont., Idaho). Oregon White Fir, Western White Fir (Cal.). Yellow Fir (Mont., Idaho). Lowland Fir. Locality. Vancouver region, northwestern United States. Best in west Washington and Oregon. Features of Tree. Two hundred to sometimes three hundred feet in height, two to five feet in diameter. Leaves deep green above, silvery below, usually curved. A handsome tree. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light brown, sapwood lighter. Coarse-grained, compact structure. Structural Qualities of Wood. Light, soft, not strong. Representative Uses of Wood. Lumber, interior finish, packing-cases, cooperage. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 22. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,360,000. Modulus of Rupture. 7000. Remarks. Forms important part of local mountain forests and furnishes much lumber locally. [p159] WHITE FIR, BALSAM FIR. _Abies concolor Parry._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth). Silver Fir, Balsam (Cal.). California White Fir (Cal.). Black Gum, Bastard Pine (Utah). White Balsam (Utah). Balsam Tree (Idaho). Colorado White Fir, Concolor White Fir. Locality. Rocky Mountains and coast ranges, high elevations. Features of Tree. Seventy to one hundred and fifty feet in height, three to five feet in diameter. Pale green or silvery foliage. Bark blisters filled with clear pitch. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light brown to nearly white, sapwood same or darker. Coarse-grained, compact structure. Structural Qualities of Wood. Light, soft, not strong, without odor. Representative Uses of Wood. Butter-tubs, packing-boxes, lumber. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 22. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,290,000. Modulus of Rupture. 9900. Remarks. Not always distinguished from the species Abies grandis. [p160] RED FIR. _Abies magnifica Murr._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) California Red Fir, California Red-bark Fir (Cal.). Magnificent Fir, Golden Fir (Cal.). Shasta Fir (Cal.). Locality. California, vicinity of Mount Shasta. Features of Tree. One hundred to two hundred and fifty feet in height, six to ten feet in diameter. Large erect cones. Beautiful form. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood reddish, sapwood distinguishable. Rather close-grained, compact structure. Structural Qualities of Wood. Light, soft, not strong, durable when exposed, liable to injury in seasoning. Representative Uses of Wood. Construction, sills, lumber, fuel. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 29. Modulus of Elasticity. 940,000. Modulus of Rupture. 9900.