Remarks. Magnifica or magnificent refers to appearance and size of tree. [p161] RED FIR, NOBLE FIR. _Abies nobilis Lindl._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Noble Silver Fir, Noble Red Fir. Larch (Oreg.). Bigtree, Feather-cone, Red Fir (Cal.). Locality. Northwestern United States. Cultivated in East. Features of Tree. One to two hundred feet in height, six to nine feet in diameter. Leaves curved. Large, beautiful tree. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood reddish brown, sapwood darker. Rather close-grained, compact structure. Structural Qualities of Wood. Light, hard, strong, elastic. Representative Uses of Wood. Fitted for house-trimmings. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 28. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,800,000. Modulus of Rupture. 22,200. Remarks. Grows at high elevations (3000 and 4000 feet). With other fir forms extensive forests. Sold as larch. [p162] FOOTNOTE Peters, "Forestry and Irrigation," Vol. VIII, No. 9 (Sept. 1902), pp. 362, 366. HEMLOCK. (_Tsuga_.) The hemlocks are distributed over northern United States from Maine to Michigan, in the Rocky Mountains, and on the Pacific coast. They generally mingle with broad-leaved and other needle-leaved species, but occasionally form pure forests by themselves. The wood is coarse, often crossed-grained, perishable, brittle, liable to wind-shakes, hard to work, and apt to warp and splinter. It holds nails firmly and is used for coarse lumber, dimension pieces, paper-pulp, and latterly for cheap finish. It should not be relied upon to receive shocks. The bark is used in tanning. Hemlock trees may be known by their blunt, flat, evergreen leaves, appearing two-ranked and whitened beneath (see foot-note under Spruce). Red inner bark. [p163] [Illustration: PLATE 31. HEMLOCK (_Tsuga_). Hemlock Tree (_Tsuga canadensis_). Western Hemlock Tree (_T. heterophylla_). (6500 feet above sea-level.) Hemlock Foliage (_Tsuga canadensis_). Hemlock Wood (_Tsuga canadensis_).] HEMLOCK. _Tsuga canadensis._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Hemlock (local and common name). Spruce (Pa., W. Va.). Hemlock Spruce (Vt., R. I., N. Y., Pa., N. J., W. Va., N. C., S. C.). Spruce Pine (Pa., Del., Va., N. C., Ga.). Locality. Eastern and central Canada, southward to North Carolina and Tennessee. Features of Tree. Sixty to eighty or more feet in height, two or three feet in diameter. Short leaves, green above and white beneath. Straight trunk, beautiful appearance. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood reddish brown, sapwood distinguishable. Coarse, pronounced, usually crooked grain. Structural Qualities of Wood. Light, soft, not strong or durable, brittle, difficult to work, retains nails firmly, splintery. Representative Uses of Wood. Coarse lumber, joists, rafters, plank walks, laths, railway ties. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 26. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,270,000.