Heavy, hard, very strong, durable, resembles spruce. Representative Uses of Wood. Railway ties, fence-posts, sills, ship timbers, telegraph poles, flagstaffs, etc. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 38. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,790,000. Modulus of Rupture. 12,800. Remarks. Practically all (tall thin) trunks required for railway ties, posts, masts, etc. Seldom cut into lumber in consequence. Grows in light swamps often extensive and known as tamarack swamp. (Trans. Am. Inst. Mining Engineers, Vol. XXIX, page 157). [p166] TAMARACK LARCH. _Larix occidentalis._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Tamarack, Larch (local and common names). Hackmatack (Idaho, Wash.). Western Larch, Great Western Larch, Red American Larch. Western Tamarack (Cal.). Locality. Washington and Oregon, intermittently to Montana. Features of Tree. Ninety to one hundred and twenty-five feet high, two and one-half to four feet in diameter. A large tree. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light red, thin sapwood lighter. Coarse-grained, compact structure, annual rings pronounced. Structural Qualities of Wood. Hard, heavy, strong, durable. Representative Uses of Wood. Posts, railway ties, fuel, limited quantity of lumber, similar to L. americana. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 46. Modulus of Elasticity. 2,300,000. Modulus of Rupture. 17,400. Remarks. A valuable tree of the Columbian basin. Differs from L. americana in that it grows on dry ground, often at high elevations. [p167] [Illustration: PLATE 33. CEDAR (_Cedrus_, _Thuya_, etc.). Cedar of Lebanon (_Cedrus libani_). Foliage of White Cedar (_T. occidentalis_). Red Cedar Bark (_Juniperus virginiana_). Foliage of Red Cedar (_J. virginiana_). White Cedar Wood (_Thuya occidentalis_). Tree of Red Cedar (_J. virginiana_).] CEDAR. (_Cedrus, Thuya, Chamæcyparis, Libocedrus, Juniperus_.) Cedar was a name first applied to the true or Lebanon cedars (_Cedrus_) of the Eastern continent, but later to certain Arborvitæs (_Thuya_), Junipers (_Juniperus_), and Cypresses (_Chamæcyparis_), and other trees (see "Spanish Cedar," page 122) from which durable, fine-grained, more or less fragrant woods, known as cedar, are obtained. Cedar was highly prized by the ancients, who employed it in costly constructions, such as the temples of Solomon and of Diana at Ephesus.[91][92] Woods known as cedar are divided into so-called Red and White Cedars.