Modulus of Rupture. 10,400. Remarks. Canadensis refers to Canada, the locality where tree excels. [p164] FOOTNOTES The Southern or Carolina Hemlock (_T. caroliniana_) resembles Hemlock. The Western Hemlock (_T. heterophylla_, Alaska to California) attains height of 180 feet, diameter of 9 feet, and is said to afford heavier and better wood. This tree is known by the following names (Sudworth): Western Hemlock, Hemlock Spruce (Cal.). Hemlock (Oreg., Idaho, Wash.). Alaska Pine (Northwestern Lumberman). Prince Albert's Fir, Western Hemlock Fir, California Hemlock Spruce (England). "The Western Hemlock." Allen, U. S. Forestry Bureau Bulletin No. 33. LARCH. TAMARACK. (_Larix_.) Larch was well known in the older time, and was prized in Europe and the Orient. The two principal American species are also called tamarack and hackmatack. The Eastern larch or tamarack (_L. americana_) prefers peculiar low, wet areas known as tamarack swamps. The Western tree (_L. occidentalis_) resembles the European species and prefers dry places. Larch wood has always been regarded as very durable. It is noted by Pliny and other ancient authors.[88] Vitruvius mentions a bridge that, having burned, was replaced by one of larch, because that wood would not burn as readily.[89] The foundation-piles of Venice are said to be of larch.[90] It should be remembered that the identities of ancient woods are not always beyond question. American larch resembles, if it does not equal, true foreign wood. The trees are tall and straight, but so slender as to be seldom cut into lumber, almost the entire supply being demanded for posts, ties, and poles. The exceedingly durable wood resembles spruce in structure, and hard pine in weight and appearance. Larch trees are marked by the fact that their foliage is deciduous. The little leaves, gathered in tufts or bundles, are of a bright pea-green when fresh in the springtime. The appearance of tamarack trees when divested of foliage in the winter is very gloomy. FOOTNOTES [Footnote 88: Pliny, XVI, 43-49 and XVI, 30.] [Footnote 89: Vitruvius, II, 9.] [Footnote 90: Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. XIV, p. 310.] [Illustration: PLATE 32. LARCH (_Larix_). Larch Trees in Winter.] TAMARACK, LARCH. _Larix americana Michx._ _Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Tamarack, Larch, American Larch (local and common names). Hackmatack (Me., N. H., Mass., R. I., Del., Ill., Mich.). Black Larch, Red Larch (Minn., Mich.). Juniper (Me., Canada). Locality. Northern United States and southern Canada, east from Great Lakes. Features of Tree. Seventy to ninety feet high, one to three feet in diameter. Short pea-green deciduous leaves in tufts. A slender tree, winter aspect gloomy. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light brown, sapwood nearly white. Coarse conspicuous grain, compact structure, annual layers pronounced. Structural Qualities of Wood.