[Footnote 94: Several of the fungoid parasites cause swellings known as "cedar apples." The branches usually die. Professor von Schrenk recognizes two diseases of the wood, white rot (_Polyporus juniperus_ Schrenk) and red rot (_Polyporus carneus_). (Bulletin No. 21, Division Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.)] [Footnote 95: Heartwood often light grayish brown.] [Footnote 96: Trunks of considerable size often grow surrounding, but apart from, such swamps. Vigorous lower branches impede progress through swamps, which are often as thick as to resemble immense cultivated hedges. (Trans. Am. Inst. M. E., Vol XXIX, p. 157.)] [Footnote 97: Von Schrenk, Contribution No. 14, Shaw School of Botany, St. Louis.] RED CEDAR. _Juniperus virginiana Linn._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Red Cedar (local and common name). Cedar (Conn., Pa., N. J., S. C., Ky., Ill., Ia., Ohio). Pencil Cedar, Cendre (La.). Savin (Mass., R. I., N. Y., Pa., Minn.). Juniper, Red Juniper, Juniper Bush (local). Locality. Atlantic coast, Canada to Florida, westward intermittently to Mississippi River in the North, and Colorado River in the South. Features of Tree. Fifty to eighty feet in height, two to three feet in diameter. Sometimes low shrubs. Dark-green foliage, loose ragged outer bark. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood dull red, thin sapwood nearly white. Close, even grain, compact structure, annual layers easily distinguishable. Structural Qualities of Wood. Light, soft, weak, brittle, easily worked, durable, fragrant. Representative Uses of Wood. Ties, sills, posts, interior finish, pencil-cases, chests, cigar-boxes. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 30 Modulus of Elasticity. 950,000. Modulus of Rupture. 10,500. Remarks. Fragrance of wood utilized as insecticide. The Western Red Cedar (_J. scopulorum_) and the Southern Red Cedar (_J. barbadensis_) afford similar wood. [p170] JUNIPER. _Juniperus occidentalis Hook._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Juniper (Oreg., Cal., Col., Utah, Nev., Mont., Idaho, N. M.). Cedar, Yellow Cedar, Western Cedar (Idaho, Col., Mont.). Western Red Cedar, Western Juniper (local). Locality. California, Washington, and Oregon. Features of Tree. Twenty-five to fifty feet in height, two to four feet in diameter, often smaller. Long straight trunk in West. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood reddish-brown, sapwood nearly white. Very close-grained, compact structure. Structural Qualities of Wood. Light, soft, durable, receives high polish. Representative Uses of Wood. Fencing, railway ties, posts, and fuel. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 35. Modulus of Elasticity. Modulus of Rupture. Remarks. Rarely found below an altitude of 6000 feet. Fruit said to be eaten by Indians. [p171] WHITE CEDAR, ARBORVITÆ. _Thuya occidentalis Linn._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)