White Cedar, Arborvitæ (local and common names). Cedar (Me., Vt., N. Y.). Atlantic Red Cedar (Cal.). Vitæ (Del.). Locality. Northern States eastward from Manitoba and Michigan. Northward, also occasionally southward, as in mountain region of North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. Features of Tree. Thirty to sixty feet high, one to three feet or more in diameter, often smaller. Bruised leaves emit characteristic pungent odor, rapidly tapering trunk. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light brown, darkening with exposure, thin sapwood, nearly white. Even, rather fine grain, compact structure. Structural Qualities of Wood. Soft, light, weak, brittle, durable, inflammable. Permits spikes to work loose. Representative Uses of Wood. Railway ties, telegraph poles, posts, fencing, shingles, and boats. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 19. Modulus of Elasticity. 750,000. Modulus of Rupture. 7200. Remarks. Trunks so shaped as to be seldom sawn for lumber. Often used for telegraph or other poles, or else thin upper ends are used for posts, and lower section flattened into ties. [p172] CANOE CEDAR, ARBORVITÆ. GIANT ARBORVITÆ. _Thuya plicata Don._ _Thuya gigantea Nutt._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Canoe Cedar, Giant Arborvitæ (local and common names). Red Cedar, Giant Red Cedar, Pacific Red Cedar (Wash., Oreg., Cal., Idaho). Cedar, Giant Cedar, Western Cedar (Oreg., Cal.). Shinglewood (Idaho). Locality. Coast region, California to Alaska, Idaho to Montana. Features of Tree. One hundred to two hundred feet in height, two to eleven feet in diameter. Four-sided leaves closely overlapping in sprays. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood dull reddish brown, thin sapwood nearly white. Coarse-grained, compact structure, annual layers distinct. Structural Qualities of Wood. Soft, weak, light, brittle, easily worked, very durable. Representative Uses of Wood. Shingles, fencing, cooperage, interior finish, canoes (coast Indians). Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 23. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,460,000. Modulus of Rupture. 10,600. Remarks. Large trees are often hollow at the bottom. [p173] WHITE CEDAR. _Chamæcyparis thyoides L._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) White Cedar (local and common name). Post Cedar, Swamp Cedar (Del.). Juniper (Ala., N. C., Va.). Locality. Maine to Florida, Gulf coast to Mississippi, best in Virginia and North Carolina. Features of Tree. Sixty to eighty feet in height, three to four feet in diameter. Shaggy rugged bark. A graceful tree. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood pinkish to darker brown, sapwood lighter. Close-grained, compact structure, conspicuous layers. Structural Qualities of Wood. Very light, soft, not strong, extremely durable in exposed positions, fragrant, easily worked. Representative Uses of Wood.