The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
§ 5. Did space permit, it would be useful here to consider in detail the
interpretations that may be given of the peculiarities we have been
tracing: bringing to their solution, the general mechanical principles
which are now found to hold true of molecules as of masses. But it must
suffice briefly to indicate the conclusions which such an inquiry promises
to bring out.
Proceeding on these principles, it may be argued that the molecular
mobility of a substance must depend partly on the inertia of its molecules;
partly on the intensity of their mutual polarities; partly on their mutual
pressures, as determined by the density of their aggregation; and (where
the molecules are compound) partly on the molecular mobilities of their
component molecules. Whence it is to be inferred that any three of these
remaining constant, the molecular mobility will vary as the fourth. Other
things equal, therefore, the molecular mobility of molecules must decrease
as their masses increase; and so there must result that progression we have
traced, from the high molecular mobility of the uncombined organic
elements, to the low molecular mobility of those large-moleculed substances
into which they are ultimately compounded.
Applying to molecules the mechanical law which holds of masses, that since
inertia and gravity increase as the cubes of the dimensions while cohesion
increases as their squares, the self-sustaining power of a body becomes
relatively smaller as its bulk becomes greater; it might be argued that
these large, aggregate molecules which constitute organic substances, are
mechanically weak--are less able than simpler molecules to bear, without
alteration, the forces falling on them. That very massiveness which renders
them less mobile, enables the physical forces acting on them more readily
to change the relative positions of their component atoms; and so to
produce what we know as re-arrangements and decompositions.
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