The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
Imagination, whatever licence may be
given, utterly fails us.
At last then we are obliged to admit that the actual organizing process
transcends conception. It is not enough to say that we cannot know it; we
must say that we cannot even conceive it. And this is just the conclusion
which might have been drawn before contemplating the facts. For if, as we
saw in the chapter on "The Dynamic Element in Life," it is impossible for
us to understand the nature of this element--if even the ordinary
manifestations of it which a living body yields from moment to moment are
at bottom incomprehensible; then, still more incomprehensible must be that
astonishing manifestation of it which we have in the initiation and
unfolding of a new organism.
Thus all we can do is to find some way of symbolizing the process so as to
enable us most conveniently to generalize its phenomena; and the only
reason for adopting the hypothesis of physiological units or constitutional
units is that it best serves this purpose.
CHAPTER XI.
CLASSIFICATION.
§ 98. That orderly arrangement of objects called Classification has two
purposes, which, though not absolutely distinct, are distinct in great
part. It may be employed to facilitate identification, or it may be
employed to organize our knowledge. If a librarian places his books in the
alphabetical succession of the author's names, he places them in such way
that any particular book may easily be found, but not in such way that
books of a given nature stand together. When, otherwise, he makes a
distribution of books according to their subjects, he neglects various
superficial similarities and distinctions, and groups them according to
certain primary and secondary and tertiary attributes, which severally
imply many other attributes--groups them so that any one volume being
inspected, the general characters of all the neighbouring volumes may be
inferred. He puts together in one great division all works on History; in
another all Biographical works; in another all works that treat of Science;
in another Voyages and Travels; and so on. Each of his great groups he
separates into sub-groups; as when he puts different kinds of Literature
under the heads of Fiction, Poetry, and the Drama. In some cases he makes
sub-sub-groups; as when, having divided his Scientific treatises into
abstract and concrete, putting in the one Logic and Mathematics and in the
other Physics, Astronomy, Geology, Chemistry, Physiology, &c.; he goes on
to sub-divide his books on Physics, into those which treat of Mechanical
Motion, those which treat of Heat, those which treat of Light, of
Electricity, of Magnetism.
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