The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
Between these two modes of classification note the essential distinctions.
Arrangement according to any single conspicuous attribute is comparatively
easy, and is the first that suggests itself: a child may place books in the
order of their sizes, or according to the styles of their bindings. But
arrangement according to combinations of attributes which, though
fundamental, are not conspicuous, requires analysis; and does not suggest
itself till analysis has made some progress. Even when aided by the
information which the author gives on his title page, it requires
considerable knowledge to classify rightly an essay on Polarization; and in
the absence of a title page it requires much more knowledge. Again,
classification by a single attribute, which the objects possess in
different degrees, may be more or less serial, or linear. Books may be put
in the order of their dates, in single file; or if they are grouped as
works in one volume, works in two volumes, works in three volumes, &c., the
groups may be placed in an ascending succession. But groups severally
formed of things distinguished by some common attribute which implies many
other attributes, do not admit of serial arrangement. You cannot rationally
say either that Historical Works should come before Biographical Works, or
Biographical Works before Historical Works; nor of the sub-divisions of
creative Literature, into Fiction, Poetry, and the Drama, can you give a
good reason why any one should take precedence of the others.
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