The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
Evidence of a more positive kind occurs among those compound
_Molluscoida_ which are most like the compound _Cœlenterata_ in
their modes of union--the _Polyzoa_. Many of these form groups that
are more or less irregular--spreading as films over solid surfaces,
combining into seaweed-like fronds, budding out from creeping stolons,
or growing up into tree-shaped societies; and besides aggregating
irregularly they are irregularly placed on surfaces inclined in all
directions. Merely noting that this asymmetrical distribution of the
united individuals is explained by the absence of definiteness in the
relations of the aggregate to incident forces, it concerns us chiefly
to observe that the united individuals severally exemplify the same
truth as do similarly-united individuals among the _Cœlenterata_.
Averaging the members of each society, the ciliated tentacles they
protrude are similarly related to prey on all sides; and therefore
remain the same on all sides. This distribution of tentacles is not,
however, without exception. Among the fresh-water _Polyzoa_ there
are some genera, as _Plumatella_ and _Crystatella_, in which the
arrangement of these parts is very decidedly bilateral. Some species of
them show us such relations of the individuals to one another and to
their surface of attachment, as give a clue to the modification; but in
other species the meaning of this deviation from the radial type is not
obvious.
§ 249. In the _Platyhelminthes_ good examples of the connexions between
forms and forces occur. The _Planaria_ exemplifies the single bilateral
symmetry which, even in very inferior forms, accompanies the habit of
moving in one direction over a solid surface. Humbly organized as are
these creatures and their allies the _Nemertidæ_, we see in them, just
as clearly as in the highest animals, that where the movements subject
the body to different forces at its two ends, different forces on its
under and upper surfaces, and like forces along its two sides, there
arises a corresponding form, unlike at its extremities, unlike above
and below, but having its two sides alike.
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