The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
Another group of the oceanic _Hydrozoa_, the _Physophoridæ_, furnishes
interesting evidence--not so much in respect of the forms of the united
individuals, which we may pass over, as in respect of the forms of the
aggregates. Some of these are without swimming organs, and have their
parts suspended from air-vessels which habitually float on the surface
of the water. Hence the distribution of their parts is asymmetrical.
The _Physalia_, Fig. 152, is an example. Here the relations of the
integrated group of individuals to the environment are indefinite; and
there is thus no agency tending to change that comparatively irregular
mode of growth which is probably derived from a primordial type of the
branched _Hydrozoa_.
[Illustration: Fig. 152.]
So various are the modes of union among the compound _Cœlenterata_,
that it is out of the question to deal with them all. Even did
space permit, it would be impracticable for any one but a professed
naturalist, to trace throughout this group the relations between
shapes and conditions of existence. The above must be taken simply as a
few of the most significant and easily-interpretable cases.
§ 248. In the sub-kingdoms _Polyzoa_ and _Tunicata_ we meet with
examples not wholly unlike the foregoing. Among the types assembled
under these names there are simple individuals or aggregates of the
second order, and societies or tertiary aggregates produced by their
union. The relations of forms to forces have to be traced in both.
Solitary Ascidians, fixed or floating, carry on an inactive and
indefinite converse with the actions in the environment. Without
power to move about vivaciously, and unable to catch any prey but
that contained in the currents of water they absorb and expel, these
creatures are not exposed to sets of forces which are equal on two
or more sides; and their shapes consequently remain vague. Though
internally their parts have a partially-symmetrical arrangement, due
to their derivation, yet they are substantially unsymmetrical in that
part of the body which is concerned with the environment. Fig. 156 is
an example.[45] Among the composite Ascidians, floating and fixed,
the shape of the aggregate, partly determined by the habitual mode of
gemmation and partly by the surrounding conditions in each case, is in
great measure indefinite. We can say no more about it than that it is
not obviously at variance with the laws alleged.
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