The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
Among the _Lamellibranchiata_, we have diverse forms accompanying
diverse modes of life. Such of them as frequently move about, like
the fresh-water Mussel, have their two valves and the contained parts
alike on the opposite sides of a vertical plane: they are bilaterally
symmetrical in conformity with their mode of movement. The marine
Mussel, too, though habitually fixed, and though not usually so fixed
that its two valves are similarly conditioned, still retains that
bilateral symmetry which is characteristic of the order; and it does
this because in the species considered as a whole, the two valves
are not dissimilarly conditioned. If the positions of the various
individuals are averaged, it will be seen that the differentiating
actions neutralize one another. In certain other fixed Lamellibranchs,
however, there is a considerable deviation from bilateral symmetry;
and it is a deviation of the kind to be anticipated under the
circumstances. Where one valve is always downwards, or next to the
surface of attachment, while the other valve is always upwards, or next
to the environing water, we may expect to find the two valves become
unlike. This we do find: witness the Oyster. In the Oyster, too, we see
a further irregularity. There is a great indefiniteness of outline,
both in the shell and in the animal--an indefiniteness made manifest by
comparing different individuals. We have but to remember that growing
clustered together, as Oysters do, they must interfere with one another
in various ways and degrees, to see how the indeterminateness of form
and the variety of form are accounted for.
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