The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
One other fact only respecting annulose animals needs to be noticed
under this head--the fact, namely, that they become unsymmetrical
where their parts are unsymmetrically related to the environment.
The common Hermit-crab serves as an instance. Here, in addition
to the unlikeness of the two sides implied by that curvature of
the body which fits the creature to the shell it inhabits, there
is an unlikeness due to the greater development of the limbs, and
especially the claws, on the outer side. As in the embryo of the
Hermit-crab the two sides are alike; and as both the embryo and
the ancestor lived in such a way, being free, that the conditions
were alike on the two sides; and as the embryo may be taken to
represent the type from which the Hermit-crab has been derived; we
have in this case evidence that a symmetrically-bilateral form has
been moulded into an unsymmetrically-bilateral form, by the action
of unsymmetrically-bilateral conditions. A further illustration
is supplied by _Bopyrus_, Fig. 271: a parasite which lives in the
branchial chamber of prawns, and whose habits similarly account for its
distorted shape.
§ 251. Among the _Mollusca_ we find more varied relations between
shapes and circumstances. Some of these relations are highly
instructive.
Mollusks of one order, the _Pteropoda_, swim in the sea much in
the same way that butterflies fly in the air, and have shapes not
altogether unlike those of butterflies. Fig. 272 represents one of
these creatures. That its bilaterally-symmetrical shape harmonizes with
its bilaterally-symmetrical conditions is sufficiently obvious.
[Illustration: Fig. 272.]
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