The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
Be this as it may, however, in such types of _Protozoa_ as the compound
_Radiolaria_, we find that though there is reason to regard the
aggregate as an aggregate of the second order, yet its divisibility
into minor individualities like those just described, is less manifest.
Fig. 140 representing _Sphærozoum punctatum_, one of the group,
illustrates this. The sceptically-minded may perhaps doubt whether we
can regard the “cellæform bodies” contained in it, as the morphological
units of the animal. The jelly-like mass in which they are imbedded, is
but indefinitely divisible into portions having each a cell or nucleus
for its centre.[17] Among the _Foraminifera_, we find only indefinite
evidence of the coalescence of aggregates of the first order, into
aggregates of the second order. There are solitary Foraminifers,
allied to the creature represented in Fig. 134. Certain ideal types of
combination among them, are shown in Fig. 141. And setting out from
these, we may ascend in various directions to kinds compounded to
an immense variety of degrees in an immense variety of ways. In all
of them, however, the separability of the major individuality into
minor individualities, is very incomplete. The portion of sarcode
contained in one of these calcareous chambers, gives origin to an
external bud; and this presently becomes covered, like its parent,
with calcareous matter: the position in which each successive chamber
is so produced, determining the form of the compound shell. But the
portions of sarcode thus budded out one from another, do not become
distinctly individualized. Fig. 142, representing the living network
which remains when the shell of an Orbitolite has been dissolved,
shows the continuity that exists among the occupants of its aggregated
chambers.[18] In the compound _Infusoria_, the component units remain
quite distinct. Being, as aggregates of the first order, much more
definitely organized, their union into aggregates of the second
order does not destroy their original individualities. Among the
_Vorticellæ_, of which two kinds are delineated in Figs. 144 and 145,
there are various illustrations of this: the members of the community
being sometimes appended to a single stem; sometimes attached by long
separate stems to a common base; and sometimes massed together.
[Illustration: Figs. 146–147.]
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