The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1 (of 2)James, William
Philosophy
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
"There may still be metaphysicians who maintain that actions which
were originally prompted by the will with a distinct intention, and
which are still entirely under its control, can never cease to be
volitional; and that either an infinitesimally small amount of will
is required to sustain them when they have been once set going, or
that the will is in a sort of pendulum-like oscillation between the
two actions--the maintenance of the train of _thought_, and the
maintenance of the train of _movement_. But if only an infinitesimally
small amount of will is necessary to sustain them, is not this
tantamount to saying that they go on by a force of their own? And
does not the experience of the _perfect continuity_ of our train of
thought during the performance of movements that have become habitual,
entirely negative the hypothesis of oscillation? Besides, if such an
oscillation existed, there must be _intervals_ in which each action
goes on _of itself_; so that its essentially automatic character is
virtually admitted. The physiological explanation, that the mechanism
of locomotion, as of other habitual movements, _grows to_ the mode
in which it is early exercised, and that it then works automatically
under the general control and direction of the will, can scarcely
be put down by any assumption of an hypothetical necessity, which
rests only on the basis of ignorance of one side of our composite
nature."[148]
But if not distinct acts of will, these immediate antecedents of each
movement of the chain are at any rate accompanied by consciousness of
some kind. They are _sensations_ to which we are _usually inattentive_,
but which immediately call our attention if they go _wrong_.
Schneider's account of these sensations deserves to be quoted. In the
act of walking, he says, even when our attention is entirely off,
"we are continuously aware of certain muscular feelings; and we have,
moreover, a feeling of certain impulses to keep our equilibrium and
to set down one leg after another. It is doubtful whether we could
preserve equilibrium if no sensation of our body's attitude were
there, and doubtful whether we should advance our leg if we had no
sensation of its movement as executed, and not even a minimal feeling
of impulse to set it down. Knitting appears altogether mechanical,
and the knitter keeps up her knitting even while she reads or is
engaged in lively talk. But if we ask her how this be possible, she
will hardly reply that the knitting goes on of itself. She will rather
say that she has a feeling of it, that she feels in her hands that
she knits and how she must knit, and that therefore the movements of
knitting are called forth and regulated by the sensations associated
therewithal, even when the attention is called away.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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