The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)James, William
Science
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
"When we transfer the attention from objects of one sense to those
of another we have an indescribable feeling (though at the same time
one perfectly determinate and reproducible at pleasure) of altered
direction, or differently localized tension (_Spannung_). We feel
a strain forward in the eyes, one directed sideways in the ears,
increasing with the degree of our attention, and changing according as
we look at an object carefully, or listen to something attentively;
wherefore we speak of _straining the attention_. The difference is
most plainly felt when the attention vibrates rapidly between eye
and ear. This feeling localizes itself with most decided difference
in regard to the various sense-organs according as we wish to
discriminate a thing delicately by touch, taste, or smell.
"But now I have, when I try to vividly recall a picture of memory
or fancy, a feeling perfectly analogous to that which I experience
when I seek to grasp a thing keenly by eye or ear; and this analogous
feeling is very differently localized. While in sharpest possible
attention to real objects (as well as to after-images) the strain is
plainly forwards, and, when the attention changes from one sense to
another, only alters its direction between the sense-organs, leaving
the rest of the head free from strain, the case is different in memory
or fancy; for here the feeling withdraws entirely from the external
sense-organs, and seems rather to take refuge in that part of the
head which the brain fills. If I wish, for example, to recall a place
or person, it will arise before me with vividness, not according as
I strain my attention forwards, but rather in proportion as I, so to
speak, retract it backwards."[147]
It appears probable that the feelings which Fechner describes are in
part constituted by imaginary semi-circular canal sensations.[148]
These undoubtedly convey the most delicate perception of change in
direction; and when, as here, the changes are not perceived as taking
place in the external world, they occupy a vague internal space located
within the head.[149]
In the skin itself there is a vague form of projection into the third
dimension to which Hering has called attention.
"Heat is not felt only against the cutaneous surface, but when
communicated through the air may appear extending more or less out
from the surface into the third dimension of surrounding space....
We can determine in the dark the place of a radiant body by moving
the hand to and fro, and attending to the fluctuation of our feeling
of warmth. The feeling itself, however, is not projected fully into
the spot at which we localize the hot body, but always remains in the
neighborhood of the hand."
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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