The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)James, William
Science
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
The muscular sensations of the eyeball _signify_ this sort of visible
spreadoutness, just as this visible spreadoutness may come in later
experience to _signify_ the 'real' bulks, distances, lengths and
breadths known to touch and locomotion.[186] To the very end, however,
in us seeing men, the quality, the nature, the _sort of thing we mean_
by extensiveness, would seem to be the sort of feeling which our
retinal stimulations bring.
* * * * *
In one deprived of sight the principles by which the notion of real
space is constructed are the same. Skin-feelings take in him the place
of retinal feelings in giving the quality of lateral spreadoutness,
as our attention passes from one extent of them to another, awakened
by an object sliding along. Usually the moving object is our hand; and
feelings of movement in our joints invariably accompany the feelings
in the skin. But the feeling of the skin is what the blind man _means_
by his skin; so the size of the skin-feelings stands as the absolute
or real size, and the size of the joint-feelings becomes a sign of
these. Suppose, for example, a blind baby with (to make the description
shorter) a blister on his toe, exploring his leg with his finger-tip
and feeling a pain shoot up sharply the instant the blister is touched.
The experiment gives him four different kinds of sensation--two of
them protracted, two sudden. The first pair are the movement-feeling
in the joints of the upper limb, and the movement-feeling on the skin
of the leg and foot. These, attended to together, have their extents
identified as one objective space--the hand moves through the same
space in which the leg lies. The second pair of objects are the pain
in the blister, and the peculiar feeling the blister gives to the
finger. Their spaces also fuse; and as each marks the end of a peculiar
movement-series (arm moved, leg stroked), the movement-spaces are
_emphatically_ identified with each other at _that_ end. Were there
other small blisters distributed down the leg, there would be a number
of these emphatic points; the movement-spaces would be identified, not
only as totals, but point for point.[187]
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