The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)James, William
Science
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
Every single visual sensation or 'field of view' is limited. To get a
new field of view for our object the old one must disappear. But the
disappearance may be only partial. Let the first field of view be A B
C. If we carry our attention to the limit C, it ceases to be the limit,
and becomes the centre of the field, and beyond it appear fresh parts
where there were none before:[184] A B C changes, in short, to C D E.
But although the parts A B are lost to sight, yet their image abides in
the memory; and if we think of our first object A B C as having existed
or as still existing at all, we must think of it as it was originally
presented, namely, as spread out from C in one direction just as C D E
is spread out in another. A B and D E can never coalesce in one place
(as they could were they objects of different senses) because they can
never be perceived at once: we must lose one to see the other. So (the
letters standing now for 'things') we get to conceive of the successive
fields of things after the analogy of the several things which we
perceive in a single field. They must be out- and alongside of each
other, and we conceive that their juxtaposed spaces must make a larger
space. A B C + C D E must, in short, be imagined to exist in the form of
A B C D E or not imagined at all.
We can usually recover anything lost from sight by moving our attention
and our eyes back in its direction; and through these constant changes
every field of seen things comes at last to be thought of as always
having a fringe of _other things possible to be seen_ spreading in all
directions round about it. Meanwhile the movements concomitantly with
which the various fields alternate are also felt and remembered; and
gradually (through association) this and that movement come in our
thought to suggest this or that extent of fresh objects introduced.
Gradually, too, since the objects vary indefinitely in kind, we
abstract from their several natures and think separately of their mere
extents, of which extents the various movements remain as the only
constant introducers and associates. More and more, therefore, do we
think of movement and seen extent as mutually involving each other,
until at last (with Bain and J. S. Mill) we may get to regard them
as synonymous, and say, "What is the _meaning of the word extent_,
unless it be possible movement?"[185] We forget in this conclusion that
(whatever intrinsic extensiveness the movements may appear endowed
with), that seen spreadoutness which is the pattern of the abstract
extensiveness which we imagine came to us originally from the retinal
sensation.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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