The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)James, William
Science
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
"Muscular feeling gives tolerably fine evidence as to the _existence_
of movement, but hardly any direct information about its extent or
direction. We are not aware that the contractions of a _supinator
longus_ have a wider range than those of a _supinator brevis_;
and that the fibres of a bipenniform muscle contract in opposite
directions is a fact of which the muscular feeling itself gives not
the slightest intimation. Muscle-feeling belongs to that class of
general sensations which tell us of our inner states, but not of outer
relations; it does not belong among the space-perceiving senses."
E. H. Weber in his article Tastsinn called attention to the fact that
muscular movements as large and strong as those of the diaphragm go on
continually without our perceiving them as motion.
G. H. Lewes makes the same remark. When we think of our muscular
sensations as movements in space, it is because we have ingrained with
them in our imagination a movement on a surface simultaneously felt.
"Thus whenever we breathe there is a contraction of the muscles of
the ribs and the diaphragm. Since we _see_ the chest expanding, we
know it as a movement and can only think of it as such. But the
diaphragm itself is not seen, and consequently by no one who is not
physiologically enlightened on the point is this diaphragm thought of
in movement. Nay, even when told by a physiologist that the diaphragm
moves at each breathing, every one who has not seen it moving
downward pictures it as an upward movement, because the chest moves
upward."[199]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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