The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)James, William
Science
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
There is no doubt a real difficulty here; and the shortest way of
dealing with it would be to confess it insoluble and ultimate. Even if
position be not an intrinsic character of any one of those sensations
we have called local signs, we must still admit that there is
_something about_ every one of them that stands for the potentiality of
position, and is the _ground_ why the local sign, when it gets placed
at all, gets placed _here_ rather than _there_. If this 'something' be
interpreted as a physiological something, as a mere nerve-process, it
is easy to say in a blank way that when it is excited alone, it is an
'ultimate fact' (1) that a positionless spot will appear; that when it
is excited together with other similar processes, but _without_ the
process of discriminative attention, it is another 'ultimate fact'
(2) that a unitary line will come; and that the final 'ultimate fact'
(3) is that, when the nerve-process is excited _in combination with_
that other process which subserves the feeling of attention, what
results will be the line with the local sign inside of it determined
to a particular place. Thus we should escape the responsibility of
explaining, by falling back on the everlasting inscrutability of the
psycho-neural nexus. The moment we call the ground of localization
physiological, we need only point out _how_, in those cases in which
localization occurs, the physiological process _differs_ from those
in which it does not, to have done all we can possibly do in the
matter. This would be unexceptionable logic, and with it we might let
the matter drop, satisfied that there was no self-contradiction in
it, but only the universal psychological puzzle of how a new mode of
consciousness emerges whenever a fundamentally new mode of nervous
action occurs.
But, blameless as such tactics would logically be on our part, let us
see whether we cannot push our theoretic insight a little farther.
It seems to me we can. We cannot, it is true, give a reason why the
line we feel when process (2) awakens should have its own peculiar
shape; nor can we explain the essence of the process of discriminative
attention. But we can see why, if the brute facts be admitted that
a line may have one of its parts singled out by attention at all,
and that that part may appear in relation to other parts at all, the
relation must be _in the line itself_,--for the line and the parts are
the only things supposed to be in consciousness. And we can furthermore
suggest a reason why parts appearing thus in relation to each other in
a line should fall into an immutable order, and each within that order
keep its characteristic place.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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