The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)James, William
Science
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
"My ability to form mental images seems, from what I have studied of
other people's images, to be defective, and somewhat peculiar. The
process by which I seem to remember any particular event is not by
a series of distinct images, but a sort of panorama, the faintest
impressions of which are perceptible through a thick fog.--I cannot
shut my eyes and get a distinct image of anyone, although I used to
be able to a few years ago, and the faculty seems to have gradually
slipped away.--In my most vivid dreams, where the events appear like
the most real facts, I am often troubled with a dimness of sight which
causes the images to appear indistinct.--To come to the question of
the breakfast-table, there is nothing definite about it. Everything
is vague. I cannot say _what_ I see. I could not possibly count the
chairs, but I happen to know that there are ten. I see nothing in
detail.--The chief thing is a general impression that I cannot tell
exactly what I do see. The coloring is about the same, as far as I can
recall it, only very much washed out. Perhaps the only color I can see
at all distinctly is that of the table-cloth, and I could probably see
the color of the wall-paper if I could remember what color it was."
A person whose visual imagination is strong finds it hard to understand
how those who are without the faculty can think at all. _Some people
undoubtedly have no visual images at all worthy of the name,_[58] and
instead of _seeing_ their breakfast-table, they tell you that they
_remember_ it or _know_ what was on it. This knowing and remembering
takes place undoubtedly by means of verbal images, as was explained
already in Chapter IX, pp. 265-6.
* * * * *
_The study of Aphasia_ (see Vol. I, p. 54) _has of late years shown how
unexpectedly great are the differences between individuals in respect
of imagination._ And at the same time the discrepancies between lesion
and symptom in different cases of the disease have been largely cleared
up. In some individuals the habitual 'thought-stuff,' if one may so
call it, is visual; in others it is auditory, articulatory, or motor;
in most, perhaps, it is evenly mixed. The same local cerebral injury
must needs work different practical results in persons who differ in
this way. In one it will throw a much-used brain-tract out of gear;
in the other it may affect an unimportant region. A particularly
instructive case was published by Charcot in 1883.[59] The patient was
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