The Book and the printers of the second generation--The German workmen dispersed through Europe--Caxton and the introduction of printing into England--Nicholas Jenson and his supposed mission to Mayence--The first printing in Paris; William Fichet and John Heinlein--The first French printers; their installation at the Sorbonne and their publications--The movement in France--The illustration of the Book commenced in Italy--The Book in Italy; engraving in relief and metal plates--The Book in Germany: Cologne, Nuremberg, Basle--The Book in the Low Countries--French schools of ornament of the Book; Books of Hours; booksellers at the end of the fifteenth century--Literary taste in titles in France at the end of the fifteenth century--Printers and booksellers' marks--The appearance of the portrait in the Book--Progress in England--Caxton and his followers. Considering the influence of printing on the book trade of the fifteenth century, as referred to in the preceding pages, the dealers in manuscripts were not disposed to give way at the first blow. An entire class of workmen would find themselves from day to day without employment if the new art succeeded; these were the copyists, miserable scribes, who for meagre remuneration frequented the shops of the merchants, where they transcribed manuscripts by the year. Before printing the publication of books was so effected, and the booksellers were rather intermediaries between the copyist and the buyer, than direct dealers having shops and fittings complete. It is evident that they would not provide themselves with these costly books long in advance without being sure of disposing of them. Small as was the remuneration of the writers, it was much to them; and they were naturally the first to protest against the new invention. At the same time, their opposition and that of the booksellers was soon overcome, swamped, and choked by the growing crowd of printers. Then, as always happens in similar cases, in place of fighting against the current, most of the former workers in manuscript followed it. The writers designed letters for engraving in wood, the booksellers sold the printed works, and some of the illuminators engraved in relief or cast their _histoyres_. For a long time these last continued to decorate books with the ornamental drawings with which they had adorned the manuscripts, and so contributed to form the fine school of illustrators who carried their art to so high a point from the end of the fifteenth century. [Illustration: Fig. 8.--Imprint of Arnold Ther Hoernen, printer, of Mayence.]