§60. Naturalized Citizens.--When a foreigner was given the right of citizenship, he took a new name, which was arranged on much the same principles as have been explained in the cases of freedmen. His original name was retained as a sort of _cognōmen_, and before it were written the _praenōmen_ that suited his fancy and the _nōmen_ of the person, always a Roman citizen, to whom he owed his citizenship. The most familiar example is that of the Greek poet Archias, whom Cicero defended under the name of _Aulus Licinius Archiās_ in the well-known oration. He had long been attached to the family of the Luculli and when he was made a citizen took as his _nōmen_ that of his distinguished patron Lucius Licinius Lucullus; we do not know why he selected the first name Aulus. Another example is that of the Gaul mentioned by Caesar (B. G., I, 47), _Gāius Valerius Cabūrus_. He took his name from Caius Valerius Flaccus, the governor of Gaul at the time that he was given his citizenship. It is to this custom of taking the names of governors and generals that is due the frequent occurrence of the name Julius in Gaul, Pompeius in Spain, and Cornelius in Sicily. CHAPTER III MARRIAGE AND THE POSITION OF WOMEN REFERENCES: Marquardt, 28-80; Voigt, 318, 449; Göll, II, 5 f.; Friedländer, I, 451 f.; Ramsay, 293 f., 477; Preston, 8 f.; Smith, _mātrimōnium_; Baumeister, 696 f.; Harper, _cōnūbium_, _mātrimōnium_; Lübker, 364; Pauly-Wissowa, _coēmptiō_, _cōnfarreātiō_, _cōnūbium_. §61. Early Forms of Marriage.--Polygamy was never practiced at Rome, and we are told that for five centuries after the founding of the city divorce was entirely unknown. Up to the time of the Servian constitution (date uncertain) the patricians were the only citizens and intermarried only with patricians and with members of surrounding communities having like social standing. The only form of marriage known to them was the stately religious ceremonial called, as will be explained hereafter, _cōnfarreātiō_. With the direct consent of the gods, with the _pontificēs_ celebrating the solemn rites, in the presence of the accredited representatives of his _gēns_, the patrician took his wife from her father's family into his own (§28), to be a _māter familiās_, to rear him children who should conserve the family mysteries, perpetuate his ancient race, and extend the power of Rome. By this, the one legal marriage of the time, the wife passed _in manum virī_, and the husband acquired over her practically the same rights as he had over his own children (§§35, 36) and other dependent members of his family. Such a marriage was said to be _cum conventiōne uxōris in manum virī_ (§35).