[Footnote 1: Legge's _Shu-King,_ p. 15. Quoted in Hirth, _Ancient History of China_, Columbia University Press, 1911--a book which gives much useful critical information about early China.] [Footnote 2: Hirth, op. cit. p. 174. 775 is often wrongly given.] [Footnote 3: See Hirth, op. cit., p. 100 ff.] [Footnote 4: On this subject, see Professor Giles's _Confucianism and its Rivals,_ Williams & Norgate, 1915, Lecture I, especially p. 9.] [Footnote 5: Cf. Henri Cordier, _Histoire Générale de la Chine_, Paris, 1920, vol. i. p. 213.] [Footnote 6: _Outlines of Chinese History_ (Shanghai, Commercial Press, 1914), p. 61.] [Footnote 7: See Hirth, _China and the Roman Orient_ (Leipzig and Shanghai, 1885), an admirable and fascinating monograph. There are allusions to the Chinese in Virgil and Horace; cf. Cordier, op. cit., i. p. 271.] [Footnote 8: Cordier, op. cit. i. p. 281.] [Footnote 9: Cordier, op. cit. i. p. 237.] [Footnote 10: Murdoch, in his _History of Japan_ (vol. i. p. 146), thus describes the greatness of the early Tang Empire: "In the following year (618) Li Yuen, Prince of T'ang, established the illustrious dynasty of that name, which continued to sway the fortunes of China for nearly three centuries (618-908). After a brilliant reign of ten years he handed over the imperial dignity to his son, Tai-tsung (627-650), perhaps the greatest monarch the Middle Kingdom has ever seen. At this time China undoubtedly stood in the very forefront of civilization. She was then the most powerful, the most enlightened, the most progressive, and the best governed empire, not only in Asia, but on the face of the globe. Tai-tsung's frontiers reached from the confines of Persia, the Caspian Sea, and the Altai of the Kirghis steppe, along these mountains to the north side of the Gobi desert eastward to the inner Hing-an, while Sogdiana, Khorassan, and the regions around the Hindu Rush also acknowledged his suzerainty. The sovereign of Nepal and Magadha in India sent envoys; and in 643 envoys appeared from the Byzantine Empire and the Court of Persia."] [Footnote 11: Cordier, op. cit. ii. p. 212.] [Footnote 12: Cordier, op. cit. ii. p. 339.] [Footnote 13: Cordier, op. cit. i. p. 484.] [Footnote 14: _The Truth About China and Japan_. George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., pp. 13, 14.] [Footnote 15: For example, the nearest approach that could be made in Chinese to my own name was "Lo-Su." There is a word "Lo," and a word "Su," for both of which there are characters; but no combination of characters gives a better approximation to the sound of my name.] [Footnote 16: Giles, op. cit., p. 74. Professor Giles adds, _à propos_ of the phrase "maintaining always a due reserve," the following footnote: "Dr. Legge has 'to keep aloof from them,' which would be equivalent to 'have nothing to do with them.' Confucius seems rather to have meant 'no familiarity.'"] [Footnote 17: Op. cit., p. 21.] [Footnote 18: Giles, op. cit. p. 86.]