Past developments do not give physicians any right to claim a monopoly of psychoanalysis. As a matter of fact, physicians, in the past, have done about everything to damage psychoanalysis, beginning with superficial mockery and going even so far as to indulge in serious defamation. Of course, you may correctly say that all this belongs to the past, and should not have any influence on the future. I fully agree, but I am afraid that the future will not live up to your expectations. At this point, permit me to interpret for you the term of “quack,” not in the way it is legally employed, but rather in the sense in which it should be logically applied. As far as the law is concerned, a “quack” is an individual who treats sick people, without being in the possession of a diploma. I, however, would rather qualify the term “quack” in this way: A “quack” is anybody who undertakes the treatment of a disease, without having the indispensable knowledge and ability. On the basis of this definition, I venture to assert that—not only in the European countries—physicians, as far as psychoanalysis is concerned, constitute the majority of “quacks.” Frequently, physicians will employ psychoanalysis, without having studied it, and without sufficiently understanding it. Do not tell me that this would display a lack of conscience, which you would not suspect in any physician. You might be tempted to say that, after all, a physician ought to know that a medical diploma does not constitute a “Letter of Marque,” and that a sick person should not be considered outlawed. As far as a physician is concerned, it should be taken for granted that he is proceeding in good faith, even if he makes a mistake. However, facts are facts. Let us hope that it will be possible to explain these facts in a manner, which you apparently wish. I, for my part, shall try to explain to you how it is possible that a physician, in matters of psychoanalysis, takes liberties he would carefully avoid in any other specialized field. In the first place, it must be taken in consideration that the training the medical student received is almost the very opposite of that which would be required of him, as a preparation for psychoanalysis. His attention has simply been focused upon facts which may be objectively ascertained, such as present themselves in anatomy, physics, and chemistry, and which must be understood properly and applied correctly, to achieve results.